看完這部紀(jì)錄片，我腦海中第一想到的是今年海淀一模的作文題：“文化互鑒”。
這道題審題難度很高，重點在于一個“互”字。只有一方借鑒另一方自然不算互鑒，若是一方把文化強(qiáng)行推銷給另一方，恐怕也不能算是互鑒。至于英國媒體以中國古代詩人為主題拍攝的一部紀(jì)錄片，又被引入到中國受到國人的追捧，這大概就是“文化互鑒”最好的例子之一吧。
話說，一百多年前，林則徐、魏源提出了“睜眼看世界”的主張。他們深刻地認(rèn)識到了中外文化的差異，于是以中國文化之眼，第一次認(rèn)真看到了西方的文明。一百年來，中國的發(fā)展讓一些西方人也漸漸睜開了眼，仔細(xì)審視中國和中國背后的東方文明。他們的一些思考被翻譯到中國，使中國人得以用西方文化之眼重新審視自己的文化，這固然是有利于文化發(fā)展的事。其中著名者，更是有“李約瑟之謎”這樣啟發(fā)中國社會科學(xué)現(xiàn)代化的世紀(jì)問題。
好像有些離題了……
回到這兩天推薦的《偉大詩人杜甫》(直譯是“杜甫：中國最偉大的詩人”)，這部紀(jì)錄片可以說是用西方文化之眼審視東方文明的佳作了。其實，這部紀(jì)錄片主要取材自民國史學(xué)家洪業(yè)的《杜甫：中國最偉大的詩人》，這就更有些“文化互鑒”的味道了……
昨天給了這部影片中英兩個鏈接，中文版是刪節(jié)過的，大概就像給觀眾又戴上了東方文明的眼鏡，過濾掉了一些利于西方觀眾理解的比喻，也刪掉了一些“不夠正能量”的故事，比如杜甫的姑姑舍子救侄，大概是時長限制之故。總之如果時間足夠，而且能全英文無字幕地看下去，那么英文版應(yīng)該是觀影的首選。閱讀原文里就有無字幕的官方版本。中文版的味道要差些，不過也很能啟發(fā)人就是了。
看英文版有個難題：影片中有一些很有韻律的語句，卻總覺得有些詭異。這些語句，其實大都是翻譯的杜甫的詩。這時，必得知曉原文選段，中英互相搭配著看，方能嚼出百分之一百的韻味。
那么，我就主要講講最受喜愛也是爭議最大的“麥克萊恩爵士朗誦杜詩”環(huán)節(jié)吧…..個人愚見，不喜但噴無妨。
注：給出的時間點是該段朗誦開始的時間點，第一個是中文版，第二個是英文版。沒有選擇的詩句已用( )括出，另有{ }括出中文版刪節(jié)的內(nèi)容。譯者的名字在英文版片尾有給出，只是不知道是哪位名家翻譯的哪一段……文字大部分來自中文版官方字幕，部分來源于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，也有部分是聽力理解的產(chǎn)物，可能有錯，事先聲明。
04:17/06:37
《壯游》選段
往昔十四五，出游翰墨場。斯文崔魏徒，以我似班揚。七齡思即壯，開口詠鳳凰。九齡書大字，有作成一囊。性豪業(yè)嗜酒，嫉惡懷剛腸。脫略小時輩，結(jié)交皆老蒼。飲酣視八極，俗物都茫茫……
My Brave Adventures
When I was still only in my seventh year, mymind was already full of heroic deeds. My first poem was about Phoenix, theharbinger of a sagacious reign, a new age of wisdom. When I was in my ninthyear, I had already written enough poems to fill a satchel. At fourteen, Ifirst began to read my poems in public. The literary masters compared me to thegreat writers in the past. I was temperamental and I was already overfund ofwine I needed it to soften an uncompromising hatred of wickedness and hypocrisy.I associated only with wise old grey heads. Exhilarated by wine, we cast ourglances over the entire universe. And all vulgar worldliness dwindled intooblivion.
這首詩的翻譯很有意思。首先，譯文改變了原詩的敘事順序，將插敘改為西方觀眾更為熟悉的順敘，更符合西方觀眾的閱讀習(xí)慣。其次，在“開口詠鳳凰”一句的翻譯中，譯者考慮到了中外文化的差異，額外以“圣明的統(tǒng)治和智慧的新時代的先兆”加以補(bǔ)充說明，很好地概括了鳳凰在中國古代文化中的意義。類似的處理還有將“崔魏徒”譯為“文學(xué)大師”，將“班揚”譯為“過去的著名作者”，“八極”譯為“全部的宇宙”，表意比較準(zhǔn)確。最后，在“脫略小時輩，結(jié)交皆老蒼”一句的處理中，譯者將含義相近的兩句合并翻譯為“我只和有智慧的老年人交往”，在敘事上更為簡單，便于觀眾理解。
06:06/08:23
《觀公孫大娘弟子舞劍器行》選段
……開元五載，余尚童稚，記于郾城觀公孫氏，舞劍器灑脫……
(昔有佳人公孫氏，一舞劍器動四方。)觀者如山色沮喪，天地為之久低昂�；羧玺嗌渚湃章�，矯如群帝驂龍翔。來如雷霆收震怒，罷如江海凝清光……
On Seeing the Sword Dance of the Pupil ofMadam Gongsun
I remembered when I was still a child agedfive, I saw a famous dancer Gongsun perform the sword dance. Watching her, youfelt heaven struggling against the Earth. When she bent back, you saw nine sunsfalling, shot down by Yi, the god of archers. When she leapt, you imagined godsastride flying dragons in the clouds. When she advanced you expected thunderand lightning from a gathering storm. Andwhen she stopped, you saw the soft light over a vast, calm sea.
這首詩在全片中兩次出現(xiàn)，兩次都是序、詩混雜，用序中的敘事部分對詩中相應(yīng)語句進(jìn)行替換、補(bǔ)充，使翻譯出來的譯文故事性更強(qiáng)、更完整。這首詩的譯文很好地保留了原詩的排比色彩，在涉及相關(guān)傳統(tǒng)文化詞匯如“羿”時也有適當(dāng)?shù)难a(bǔ)充，讀起來別有一番韻味。
09:05/13:07
《奉贈韋左丞丈二十二韻》選段
(紈绔不餓死，儒冠多誤身。丈人試靜聽，賤子請具陳。)甫昔少年日，早充觀國賓。(讀書破萬卷，下筆如有神。)賦料揚雄敵，詩看子建親。(李邕求識面，王翰愿卜鄰。)自謂頗挺出，立登要路津。致君堯舜上，再使風(fēng)俗淳。此意竟蕭條，行歌非隱淪……
Verses to Minister Wei
In the prime of life, I was sent by my home prefecture to sitthe state examination. I feared no rival among the competing scholars, nor any difficultquestions that might be put to me. I thought, of course, that I was extraordinaryand should immediately climb to the top, and restore the purity of culture andcivilization. But unfortunately, the board of examinations thought otherwise.They failed me. All my hopes were shattered.
就我的個人看法，這一段朗誦大概是全片中最好、最用情的了。當(dāng)然，這一段的改編也是很多的。譯文把很多文學(xué)化的、含蓄的語言翻譯得很樸實、直接，甚至改動之后的文字已經(jīng)不太像是詩歌了，而更像是一個自傳體的故事。就觀感來說，這段翻譯無疑是成功的，但我個人覺得這樣的翻譯其實有點像是牽強(qiáng)附會……而且，選的句子跳過了一些本來可以選取的名句(如：讀書破萬卷，下筆如有神)，這件事有點令人接受不能。
11:05/15:16
《壯游》選段
……放蕩齊趙間，裘馬頗清狂。春歌叢臺上，冬獵青丘旁。呼鷹皂櫪林，逐獸云雪岡。(射飛曾縱鞚，引臂落鹙鸧。蘇侯據(jù)鞍喜，忽如攜葛強(qiáng)。快意八九年，西歸到咸陽。許與必詞伯，賞游實賢王。)曳裾置醴地，(奏賦入明光。)…..
My Brave Adventures
The next few years, I played and roamed. In the spring, Isang on the terraces where the poets competed. Summer (?), I hunted among thegreen hills. In the winter, I whistled for the falcons in the purple oakforests, and chased wild beasts on cloud and snow ridge. I trailed my hemswherever sweet ale was served. I drank myself sick.
這段翻譯…...怎么說呢，確實是實事求是。譯文中有一個明顯和原文不符的地方，個人懷疑是譯者認(rèn)為冬天出現(xiàn)“綠色的山”很違和，所以改成了“夏獵青丘旁”，強(qiáng)行構(gòu)成排比。不過……青丘不就是個山名嗎?冬獵很奇怪嗎?最后一句“我喝醉了”原詩中應(yīng)該沒有，是譯者增加的，也算是表達(dá)出了“曳裾置醴地”的隱含義，很有意趣，不過或許翻譯一下“奏賦入明光。”更好些?
13:30/17:41
《夢李白二首·其一》選段
死別已吞聲，生別常惻惻。(江南瘴癘地，逐客無消息。)故人入我夢，明我長相憶。恐非平生魂，路遠(yuǎn)不可測。(魂來楓葉青，魂返關(guān)塞黑。君今在羅網(wǎng)，何以有羽翼。落月滿屋梁，猶疑照顏色。)水深波浪闊，無使皎龍得。
Dreaming of Li Bo
Separation by death, in the end, you get over; separation in life isa continuing grief. No word from you, old friend. You’ve been in my dreams, asif you know how much I miss you. I feel as if you are no longer mortal, thedistance between us is so great. The water is deep and the waves are wide. Don’tlet the river god take you.
這段翻譯絕對是兼顧詩的韻味和西方文化敘事模式的佳作。通過選擇，這段譯文幾乎拋棄掉這首詩所有的背景，拋棄掉了宮廷風(fēng)波、才子遠(yuǎn)放，只去寫友人跨越時空的分離，感人至深。只是，主持人大概因此產(chǎn)生了誤會，誤把這首杜甫聽聞李白被流放時寫的詩誤以為是杜甫聽到了李白的死訊，誤以為蛟龍(譯文中是河伯)是實指了。
17:01/21:29《壯游》選段
朱門任傾奪，赤族迭罹殃。國馬竭粟豆，官雞輸?shù)玖�。舉隅見煩費，引古惜興亡……
My Brave Adventures
It was a time when the powerful indulged in murder and plunder. Themilitary used up the tax grain in the stores. The imperial fighting cocks hadto be fed. Many warnings could have been obtained from history about why adynasty fails.
這是《壯游》的第三次出現(xiàn)，應(yīng)該說不愧是杜甫一生的自傳。“國馬竭粟豆，官雞輸?shù)玖?rdquo;兩句互文，前一句翻譯的是本義，后一句大概是怕重復(fù)，翻譯得很含蓄，少了一點感覺。最后兩句的譯文，配合英文版后面關(guān)于“中國歷史周期律”，確實很能引人深思，只是不知道為什么中文版似乎刪掉了這一段#裝傻
18:21/23:48
《自京赴奉先縣詠懷五百字 》選段
……{天衢陰崢嶸，客子中夜發(fā)。霜嚴(yán)衣帶斷，指直不得結(jié)。}凌晨過驪山，御榻在嵽嵲。(蚩尤塞寒空，蹴蹋崖谷滑。)瑤池氣郁律，羽林相摩戛。君臣留歡娛，樂動殷樛嶱。{賜浴皆長纓，與宴非短褐。彤庭所分帛，本自寒女出。鞭撻其夫家，聚斂貢城闕。}(圣人筐篚恩，實欲邦國活。臣如忽至理，君豈棄此物。多士盈朝廷，仁者宜戰(zhàn)栗。況聞內(nèi)金盤，盡在衛(wèi)霍室。)中堂舞神仙，煙霧散玉質(zhì)。暖客貂鼠裘，悲管逐清瑟。勸客駝蹄羹，霜橙壓香橘。{朱門酒肉臭，}路有凍死骨……
Going from the Capital to Fengxian County, singingmy Feelings
I set out a lone traveler at midnight. Fingersare too cold to tie my broken belt. At dawn, I passed the Imperial Palace. Hereat the hot springs, the emperor entertains his court. And music echoes aroundthe hills. Only the rich and powerful may bathe here. But the silk they wearwas woven by poor people, woman whose husbands are beaten for their taxes. Thehalls are full of ladies as fair as goddesses. The scent of perfume moves witheach captivating figure, clothed in the warm furs of sable, entertained withthe finest music. Fed with camel hump soup and oranges ripened in the frost. Behindthe red lacquered gates, wine is left to sour, meat to rot. Outside the gateslie the bones of the frozen and the starved.
19:15/25:14
《自京赴奉先縣詠懷五百字 》選段
……入門聞號咷，幼子饑已卒。(吾寧舍一哀，里巷亦嗚咽。)所愧為人父，無食致夭折。(豈知秋未登，貧窶有倉卒。)生常免租稅，名不隸征伐。撫跡猶酸辛，平人固騷屑。(默思失業(yè)徒，因念遠(yuǎn)戍卒。憂端齊終南，澒洞不可掇。)
500 Words on the Road to Fengxian (這里是英文版里的名字)
When I reached home, I heard wailing in thehouse. My infant child had died of hunger. I am ashamed of being a father, sopoor that I caused my son to die for lack of food. And I am one of theprivileged. If my life is so bitter, then how much worse is the life of thecommon people?
這段譯文是網(wǎng)上最有爭議的一段，也是中文版刪節(jié)最嚴(yán)重的一段(看給出時間點就能看出來)。網(wǎng)上的爭議集中在“朱門酒肉臭，路有凍死骨”，認(rèn)為這個“臭xiu4”應(yīng)該是“有香氣”的意思，而不是“腐爛”的“臭chou4”，不過我倒是覺得沒必要糾結(jié)這些，而且就故事性來說“肉腐爛了”更能體現(xiàn)豪富的窮奢極欲。至于中文版的刪節(jié)，也已標(biāo)出了，湊活著看吧。
20:51/27:25
《彭衙行》選段
憶昔避賊初，北走經(jīng)險艱。(夜深彭衙道，月照白水山。)盡室久徒步，逢人多厚顏。(參差谷鳥吟，不見游子還。癡女饑咬我，啼畏虎狼聞。懷中掩其口，反側(cè)聲愈嗔。小兒強(qiáng)解事，故索苦李餐。)一旬半雷雨，泥濘相牽攀。(既無御雨備，徑滑衣又寒。有時經(jīng)契闊，竟日數(shù)里間。野果充糇糧，卑枝成屋椽。)早行石上水，暮宿天邊煙……
Ballad of Pengya Road
I remembered when we first fled the rebels,hurrying north over dangerous trails. The whole family trudging endlessly,begging without shame from the people we met. We walked for ten days, holdinghands, half in rain and thunder, through the mud we pulled each other on. Searchingthe horizon for a wisp of smoke, that might lead us to a safer shelter.
這段譯文也是從一首長詩中選取拼接而來的。選段中多是一些概括性較強(qiáng)的語句，一些細(xì)節(jié)描寫很生動的語句不在選擇之內(nèi)，還是頗有些遺憾的。“早行石上水，暮宿天邊煙”一句的意譯處理很恰當(dāng)，表達(dá)的情感甚至勝于原文，很妙。
22:42/29:16
《月夜》選段
今夜鄜州月，閨中只獨看。(遙憐小兒女，未解憶長安)。香霧云鬟濕，清輝玉臂寒。何時倚虛幌，雙照淚痕干。
Moonlight Night
The moon shines in Fuzhou tonight. In herchamber, she watches alone. Her cloud-like hair sweet with mist, her jade armsare cold in the clear moonlight. When shall we lean in the empty windowtogether in brightness?
這段譯文基本上是直譯，譯文的韻律感也很強(qiáng)，就是看著這段英文總覺得有些突兀，感覺缺了點過渡，大概是我太缺乏文學(xué)品味了?
24:16/30:49
《春望》選段
國破山河在，城春草木深。感時花濺淚，恨別鳥驚心。烽火連三月，家書抵萬金。(白頭搔更短，渾欲不勝簪。)
Spring Scene
The state is destroyed, but the country remains. In the city inspring, grass and weeds grow everywhere. Grieving for the times, even theblossom sheds tears. Beacon fires have been burning for three months now. Aletter from home would be worth 10,000 in gold.
這一段真的是在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上毀譽(yù)參半。第一句“國破山河在”翻譯得極好，同是國家，state側(cè)重政府，country側(cè)重河山，nation側(cè)重民族。“國破”是“唐朝政府的毀滅”，而“山河在”是“國家根基的延續(xù)”，這一翻譯很是恰切。而翻譯的不好，則主要是針對“烽火連三月，家書抵萬金”一句翻譯得太實在，把虛字譯實了，太出戲。
28:23/34:56
《卜居》選段
(浣花溪水水西頭，主人為卜林塘幽。)已知出郭少塵事，更有澄江銷客愁。無數(shù)蜻蜓齊上下，一雙鸂鶒對沉浮。(東行萬里堪乘興，須向山陰上小舟。)
Choosing a Dwelling
Here outside the city, there are a few worldly affairs. Besides us,there is a clear stream to dispel a stranger’s grief. Clouds of dragonflieshover, rising and falling. A pair of ducks dives and swims together.
28:45/35:25《為農(nóng)》選段
(錦里煙塵外，江村八九家。圓荷浮小葉，細(xì)麥落輕花。)卜宅從茲老，為農(nóng)去國賒。(遠(yuǎn)慚勾漏令，不得問丹砂。)
Become a Farmer
I have chosen a place to grow old. Far from the capital, I havebecome a farmer.
28:58/35:31
《江村》
清江一曲抱村流，長夏江村事事幽。自去自來梁上燕，(相親相近水中鷗。)老妻畫紙為棋局，稚子敲針作釣鉤。多病所須惟藥物，微軀此外更何求?
River Village
On a long summer day everything has a secret beauty. The swallows onthe roof come and go as they please. My wife makes a chessboard by paintingpaper. My boys make fish-hooks by bending needles. A man who is often sickneeds medicine. What else should an ordinary person seek?
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