SQL總結(jié)

SQL總結(jié)

1、英語縮寫解釋：1-2章

RDB（關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)庫）DBMS（數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)）DBA（數(shù)據(jù)庫管理員）OS（操作系統(tǒng)）DDL（數(shù)據(jù)定義語言）DQL（數(shù)據(jù)查詢語言）DCL（數(shù)據(jù)控制語言）DML（數(shù)據(jù)操作語言）PK（主鍵）FK（外鍵）

1NF-3NF（第一范式至第三范式）BCNF（擴(kuò)展的第三范式）B/S（瀏覽器/服務(wù)器模式）C/S（客戶/服務(wù)器模式）BDC（備份域控制器）PDC（主域控制器）2、選擇題：1-2章8章

3、連線題：1-2章8章

sp_addtype：創(chuàng)建用戶自定義數(shù)據(jù)類型sp_help：查看用戶自定義數(shù)據(jù)類型sp_rename：重命名用戶自定義數(shù)據(jù)類型sp_dorptype：刪除用戶自定義數(shù)據(jù)類型sp_who[]：查看制定登錄用戶的信息sp_changedbowner：更改數(shù)據(jù)庫所有者sp_spacecused：查看有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)庫所占空間信息sp_dpoption：顯示或更改數(shù)據(jù)庫選項sp_bindefauit：綁定已創(chuàng)建的默認(rèn)值sp_unbindefault：解除綁定

sp_grantbaccess/hlepuser/revokedbaccss/：創(chuàng)建/查看/刪除數(shù)據(jù)庫用戶constraint約束index索引

databases數(shù)據(jù)庫簡寫db4、程序題三章八章建立數(shù)據(jù)庫CreatedatabasejwglOn

Primary(name=數(shù)據(jù)文件名，filename=‘儲存地址.mdf’，Size=儲存大小，Maxsize=最大大小，

Filegrowth=%)主要文件

(name=數(shù)據(jù)文件名，filename=‘儲存地址.mdf’，Size=儲存大小，Maxsize=最大大小，F(xiàn)ilegrowth=%)輔助文件Logon

(name=日志文件名，filename=‘儲存地址.ldf’，Size=儲存大小，Maxsize=最大大小，F(xiàn)ilegrowth=%)Go

Drop刪除

Database數(shù)據(jù)庫Table表創(chuàng)建表UsejwglGo

Createtable表名(列名類型是否空……………………)

管理約束Createtabletable_name

Default缺省約束default缺省值for列名Check檢查約束check(布爾)

Primarykey主鍵約束primarykeyclurtered(列名)Clurtered聚簇索引nonclurtered非聚簇索引Unique唯一約束

插入數(shù)據(jù)

Insertinto表名(插入的數(shù)據(jù)列名)Values

(插入數(shù)據(jù)信息)

更新數(shù)據(jù)Update表名Set新信息Where條件

刪除數(shù)據(jù)Deletefrom表名Where刪除條件信息

8-13到8-25SelectFromWhereGroupbyHavingOrderby5、簡答題

(1)、使用select語言時應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

答：a、必須按照正確的順序指定select語句中的子句；b、對數(shù)據(jù)庫對象的每個引用必須具有唯一性；c、在執(zhí)行select語句時，對象所駐留的數(shù)據(jù)庫不一定總是當(dāng)前數(shù)據(jù)庫。若要確�？倳r使用正確的對象，則不論是當(dāng)前數(shù)據(jù)庫是如何設(shè)置的，均在使用數(shù)據(jù)庫和所有者來限制對象名稱；d、在from子句中所有指定的表或試圖可能有相同的列名，外鍵很可能和相關(guān)的主鍵同名。加上對象名稱來限定列名可解決重復(fù)列名稱的問題。(2)、主鍵約束與唯一約束的區(qū)別

答：主鍵約束保證某一列或組列值的組合相對于表中的每一行都是唯一的，這些列就是表的主鍵。主鍵不允許有重復(fù)值。也不允許有空值。唯一約束限制中指定列上所有的非空值必須唯一，即表中任意兩行在指定列上都不允許有相同的值。

區(qū)別：1）唯一約束與主鍵約束都為指定的列建立唯一索引，既不允許唯一索引的列上有相同的值。主鍵約束限制更嚴(yán)格，不但不允許有重復(fù)值，而且也不允許有空值；2）唯一約束與主鍵約束產(chǎn)生的索引可以是聚簇索引，也可以是非聚簇索引，但是在缺省情況下，唯一約束產(chǎn)生非聚簇索引，主鍵約束產(chǎn)生聚簇索引。6.5.1數(shù)據(jù)的完整概念

擴(kuò)展閱讀：SQL總結(jié)

3.6SQLAlias（別名）3.7SQLJOIN

用于根據(jù)兩個或多個表中的列之間的關(guān)系，從這些表中查詢數(shù)據(jù)。

語法

INNERJOIN：如果表中有至少一個匹配，則返回行

JOIN:如果表中有至少一個匹配，則返回行（與INNERJOIN相同）LEFTJOIN:即使右表中沒有匹配，也從左表返回所有的行RIGHTJOIN:即使左表中沒有匹配，也從右表返回所有的行FULLJOIN:只要其中一個表中存在匹配，就返回行

實例

"Persons"表：Id_P123"Orders"表：Id_O12345OrderNo7789544678224562456234764Id_P331165LastNameAdamsBushCarterFirstNameJohnGeorgeThomasAddressOxfordStreetFifthAvenueChanganStreetCityLondonNewYorkBeijing

（JOIN）實例

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在MySQL中，有三種主要的類型：文本、數(shù)字和日期/時間類型。Text類型：數(shù)據(jù)類型CHAR(size)描述保存固定長度的字符串（可包含字母、數(shù)字以及特殊字符）。在括號中指定字符串的長度。最多255個字符。VARCHAR(size)保存可變長度的字符串（可包含字母、數(shù)字以及特殊字符）。在括號中指定字符串的最大長度。最多255個字符。注釋：如果值的長度大于255，則被轉(zhuǎn)換為TEXT類型。TINYTEXTTEXTBLOBMEDIUMTEXTMEDIUMBLOBLONGTEXTLONGBLOBENUM(x,y,z,etc.)存放最大長度為255個字符的字符串。存放最大長度為65,535個字符的字符串。用于BLOBs(BinaryLargeOBjects)。存放最多65,535字節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)。存放最大長度為16,777,215個字符的字符串。用于BLOBs(BinaryLargeOBjects)。存放最多16,777,215字節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)。存放最大長度為4,294,967,295個字符的字符串。用于BLOBs(BinaryLargeOBjects)。存放最多4,294,967,295字節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)。允許你輸入可能值的列表�？梢栽贓NUM列表中列出最大65535個值。如果列表中不存在插入的值，則插入空值。注釋：這些值是按照你輸入的順序存儲的�？梢园凑沾烁袷捷斎肟赡艿闹担篍NUM("X","Y","Z")SET與ENUM類似，SET最多只能包含64個列表項，不過SET可存儲一個以上的值。Number類型：數(shù)據(jù)類型TINYINT(size)SMALLINT(size)MEDIUMINT(size)INT(size)描述-128到127常規(guī)。0到255無符號*。在括號中規(guī)定最大位數(shù)。-32768到32767常規(guī)。0到65535無符號*。在括號中規(guī)定最大位數(shù)。-8388608到8388607普通。0to16777215無符號*。在括號中規(guī)定最大位數(shù)。-2147483648到2147483647常規(guī)。0到4294967295無符號*。在括號中規(guī)定最大位數(shù)。BIGINT(size)-9223372036854775808到9223372036854775807常規(guī)。0到18446744073709551615無符號*。在括號中規(guī)定最大位數(shù)。FLOAT(size,d)帶有浮動小數(shù)點(diǎn)的小數(shù)字。在括號中規(guī)定最大位數(shù)。在d參數(shù)中規(guī)定小數(shù)點(diǎn)右側(cè)的最大位數(shù)。DOUBLE(size,d)帶有浮動小數(shù)點(diǎn)的大數(shù)字。在括號中規(guī)定最大位數(shù)。在d參數(shù)中規(guī)定小數(shù)點(diǎn)右側(cè)的最大位數(shù)。DECIMAL(size,d)作為字符串存儲的DOUBLE類型，允許固定的小數(shù)點(diǎn)。*這些整數(shù)類型擁有額外的選項UNSIGNED。通常，整數(shù)可以是負(fù)數(shù)或正數(shù)。如果添加UNSIGNED屬性，那么范圍將從0開始，而不是某個負(fù)數(shù)。Date類型：數(shù)據(jù)類型DATE()描述日期。格式：YYYY-MM-DD注釋：支持的范圍是從"1000-01-01"到"9999-12-31"DATETIME()*日期和時間的組合。格式：YYYY-MM-DDHH:MM:SS注釋：支持的范圍是從"1000-01-0100:00:00"到"9999-12-3123:59:59"TIMESTAMP()*時間戳。TIMESTAMP值使用Unix紀(jì)元("1970-01-0100:00:00"UTC)至今的描述來存儲。格式：YYYY-MM-DDHH:MM:SS注釋：支持的范圍是從"1970-01-0100:00:01"UTC到"2038-01-0903:14:07"UTCTIME()YEAR()時間。格式：HH:MM:SS注釋：支持的范圍是從"-838:59:59"到"838:59:59"2位或4位格式的年。注釋：4位格式所允許的值：1901到2155。2位格式所允許的值：70到69，表示從1970到2069。*即便DATETIME和TIMESTAMP返回相同的格式，它們的工作方式很不同。在INSERT或UPDATE查詢中，TIMESTAMP自動把自身設(shè)置為當(dāng)前的日期和時間。TIMESTAMP也接受不同的格式，比如YYYYMMDDHHMMSS、YYMMDDHHMMSS、YYYYMMDD或YYMMDD。

SQLServer數(shù)據(jù)類型

Character字符串：數(shù)據(jù)類型char(n)varchar(n)varchar(max)textUnicode字符串：數(shù)據(jù)類型nchar(n)nvarchar(n)nvarchar(max)ntextBinary類型：數(shù)據(jù)類型bit描述允許0、1或NULL存儲描述固定長度的Unicode數(shù)據(jù)。最多4,000個字符�？勺冮L度的Unicode數(shù)據(jù)。最多4,000個字符�？勺冮L度的Unicode數(shù)據(jù)。最多536,870,912個字符�？勺冮L度的Unicode數(shù)據(jù)。最多2GB字符數(shù)據(jù)。存儲描述固定長度的字符串。最多8,000個字符�？勺冮L度的字符串。最多8,000個字符�？勺冮L度的字符串。最多1,073,741,824個字符�？勺冮L度的字符串。最多2GB字符數(shù)據(jù)。存儲nbinary(n)varbinary(n)varbinary(max)imageNumber類型：數(shù)據(jù)類型

tinyintsmallintintbigint

描述

固定長度的二進(jìn)制數(shù)據(jù)。最多8,000字節(jié)�？勺冮L度的二進(jìn)制數(shù)據(jù)。最多8,000字節(jié)。可變長度的二進(jìn)制數(shù)據(jù)。最多2GB字節(jié)�？勺冮L度的二進(jìn)制數(shù)據(jù)。最多2GB。存儲

允許從0到255的所有數(shù)字。允許從-32,768到32,767的所有數(shù)字。

1字節(jié)2字節(jié)4字節(jié)8字節(jié)

允許從-2,147,483,648到2,147,483,647的所有數(shù)字。

允許介于-9,223,372,036,854,775,808和9,223,372,036,854,775,807之間的所有數(shù)字。

decimal(p,s)

固定精度和比例的數(shù)字。允許從-10^38+1到10^38-1之間的數(shù)

字。

p參數(shù)指示可以存儲的最大位數(shù)（小數(shù)點(diǎn)左側(cè)和右側(cè)）。p必須是1

到38之間的值。默認(rèn)是18。

s參數(shù)指示小數(shù)點(diǎn)右側(cè)存儲的最大位數(shù)。s必須是0到p之間的

值。默認(rèn)是0。

5-17字節(jié)

numeric(p,s)

固定精度和比例的數(shù)字。允許從-10^38+1到10^38-1之間的數(shù)

字。

p參數(shù)指示可以存儲的最大位數(shù)（小數(shù)點(diǎn)左側(cè)和右側(cè)）。p必須是1

到38之間的值。默認(rèn)是18。

s參數(shù)指示小數(shù)點(diǎn)右側(cè)存儲的最大位數(shù)。s必須是0到p之間的

值。默認(rèn)是0。

5-17字節(jié)

smallmoneymoney

介于-214,748.3648和214,748.3647之間的貨幣數(shù)據(jù)。介于-922,337,203,685,477.5808和922,337,203,685,477.5807

之間的貨幣數(shù)據(jù)。

4字節(jié)8字節(jié)float(n)從-1.79E+308到1.79E+308的浮動精度數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)。參數(shù)n指示該字段保存4字節(jié)還是8字節(jié)。float(24)保存4字節(jié)，而float(53)保存8字節(jié)。n的默認(rèn)值是53。4或8字節(jié)realDate類型：數(shù)據(jù)類型

datetime

描述

從-3.40E+38到3.40E+38的浮動精度數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)。4字節(jié)存儲8bytes

從1753年1月1日到9999年12月31日，精度為3.33毫

秒。

datetime2從1753年1月1日到9999年12月31日，精度為100納

秒。

6-8bytes

smalldatetime

datetimedatetimeoffsettimestamp

從1900年1月1日到2079年6月6日，精度為1分鐘。僅存儲日期。從0001年1月1日到9999年12月31日。

僅存儲時間。精度為100納秒。與datetime2相同，外加時區(qū)偏移。

存儲唯一的數(shù)字，每當(dāng)創(chuàng)建或修改某行時，該數(shù)字會更新。timestamp基于內(nèi)部時鐘，不對應(yīng)真實時間。每個表只能有一個timestamp變

量。

4bytes3bytes3-5bytes8-10bytes

其他數(shù)據(jù)類型：數(shù)據(jù)類型sql_variantuniqueidentifierxmlcursortable描述存儲最多8,000字節(jié)不同數(shù)據(jù)類型的數(shù)據(jù)，除了text、ntext以及timestamp。存儲全局標(biāo)識符(GUID)。存儲XML格式化數(shù)據(jù)。最多2GB。存儲對用于數(shù)據(jù)庫操作的指針的引用。存儲結(jié)果集，供稍后處理。

FIRST(column)LAST(column)MAX(column)MIN(column)返回在指定的域中第一個記錄的值返回在指定的域中最后一個記錄的值返回某列的最高值返回某列的最低值返回某列的總和STDEV(column)STDEVP(column)SUM(column)VAR(column)VARP(column)在SQLServer中的合計函數(shù)函數(shù)AVG(column)描述返回某列的行數(shù)返回某列的行數(shù)（不包括NULL值）返回被選行數(shù)返回相異結(jié)果的數(shù)目返回在指定的域中第一個記錄的值（SQLServer201*不支持）返回在指定的域中最后一個記錄的值（SQLServer201*不支持）返回某列的最高值返回某列的最低值BINARY_CHECKSUMCHECKSUMCHECKSUM_AGGCOUNT(column)COUNT(*)COUNT(DISTINCTcolumn)FIRST(column)LAST(column)MAX(column)MIN(column)STDEV(column)STDEVP(column)SUM(column)返回某列的總和VAR(column)VARP(column)Scalar函數(shù)

Scalar函數(shù)的操作面向某個單一的值，并返回基于輸入值的一個單一的值。MSAccess中的Scalar函數(shù)函數(shù)UCASE(c)LCASE(c)MID(c,start[,end])LEN(c)INSTR(c,char)LEFT(c,number_of_char)RIGHT(c,number_of_char)ROUND(c,decimals)MOD(x,y)NOW()FORMAT(c,format)DATEDIFF(d,date1,date2)描述將某個域轉(zhuǎn)換為大寫將某個域轉(zhuǎn)換為小寫從某個文本域提取字符返回某個文本域的長度返回在某個文本域中指定字符的數(shù)值位置返回某個被請求的文本域的左側(cè)部分返回某個被請求的文本域的右側(cè)部分對某個數(shù)值域進(jìn)行指定小數(shù)位數(shù)的四舍五入返回除法操作的余數(shù)返回當(dāng)前的系統(tǒng)日期改變某個域的顯示方式用于執(zhí)行日期計算CURDATE()CURTIME()DATE()返回當(dāng)前的日期返回當(dāng)前的時間提取日期或日期/時間表達(dá)式的日期部分返回日期/時間按的單獨(dú)部分給日期添加指定的時間間隔從日期減去指定的時間間隔返回兩個日期之間的天數(shù)用不同的格式顯示日期/時間EXTRACT()DATE_ADD()DATE_SUB()DATEDIFF()DATE_FORMAT()SQLServerDate函數(shù)

下面的表格列出了SQLServer中最重要的內(nèi)建日期函數(shù)：

函數(shù)GETDATE()描述返回當(dāng)前日期和時間返回日期/時間的單獨(dú)部分在日期中添加或減去指定的時間間隔返回兩個日期之間的時間用不同的格式顯示日期/時間DATEPART()DATEADD()DATEDIFF()CONVERT()SQLDate數(shù)據(jù)類型

MySQL使用下列數(shù)據(jù)類型在數(shù)據(jù)庫中存儲日期或日期/時間值：

DATE-格式Y(jié)YYY-MM-DD

DATETIME-格式:YYYY-MM-DDHH:MM:SSTIMESTAMP-格式:YYYY-MM-DDHH:MM:SSYEAR-格式Y(jié)YYY或YY

SQLServer使用下列數(shù)據(jù)類型在數(shù)據(jù)庫中存儲日期或日期/時間值：

DATE-格式Y(jié)YYY-MM-DDDATETIME-格式:YYYY-MM-DDHH:MM:SSSMALLDATETIME-格式:YYYY-MM-DDHH:MM:SSTIMESTAMP-格式:唯一的數(shù)字

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