地理 總結(jié)

●緯度位置及優(yōu)越性：我國(guó)領(lǐng)土南北跨緯度很廣，大部分位于中緯度地區(qū)，屬(北溫)帶，一小部分在(熱帶)，沒有(寒帶)。氣候差異大，為發(fā)展(多種農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì))提供了有利條件。

●海陸位置及優(yōu)越性：（1）位于(亞)洲的東部，(太平)洋的西岸，使我國(guó)東部廣大地區(qū)(在夏季風(fēng)濕潤(rùn)氣流的影響下，降水)豐富，有利(農(nóng)業(yè))生產(chǎn)；（2）海陸兼?zhèn)�，東部地區(qū)有利與(海外各國(guó)友好往來)；西部地區(qū)(深入亞歐大陸內(nèi)部)，使我國(guó)陸上交通能與(中亞、西亞、歐洲)各國(guó)直接往來，便于對(duì)外(交往和合作)（3）沿海有許多優(yōu)良的港灣，便于發(fā)展(海洋事業(yè))。

●我國(guó)領(lǐng)土面積（960萬）平方千米，僅次于（俄羅斯）、（加拿大），居世界第三。陸上鄰國(guó)14個(gè)。逆時(shí)針依次為朝鮮、（俄羅斯）、（蒙古）、哈薩克斯坦、吉爾吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、阿富汗、巴基斯坦、（印度）、尼泊爾、不丹、（緬甸）、（老撾）、越南。陸上疆界2萬多千米。隔海相望的國(guó)家6個(gè)：韓國(guó)、（日本）、菲律賓、（馬來西亞）、文萊、（印度尼西亞）。2、我國(guó)的人口

●人口總數(shù)：201*年（12.95）億。

●我國(guó)人口的突出特點(diǎn)：人口基數(shù)大，人口增長(zhǎng)快。

●我國(guó)人口分布特點(diǎn)：人口分布（不均），以黑龍江黑河云南騰沖一線為界，（東部）地區(qū)人口密度大，（西部）地區(qū)人口密度較小。（我國(guó)西部地區(qū)人口稀少，但資源豐富，在西部大開發(fā)時(shí)，應(yīng)注意什么問題？西部地區(qū)具有資源優(yōu)勢(shì)，但自然環(huán)境相對(duì)脆弱。在目前人、地、水、土矛盾已相當(dāng)尖銳的條件下，開發(fā)西部，一定要以保護(hù)環(huán)境為前提，不能先開發(fā)后再治理。）●人口國(guó)策：實(shí)行計(jì)劃生育。

●內(nèi)容：控制人口數(shù)量，提高人口素質(zhì)3、我國(guó)的民族

●我國(guó)共有（56）個(gè)民族，其中人口最多的是（漢）族，少數(shù)民族中人口最多的是（壯）族。

●漢族分布特點(diǎn)：漢族的分布遍及全國(guó)各地，以（中部）和（東部）最為集中�！裆贁�(shù)民族分布特點(diǎn)：主要集中在（東北）、（西北）、（西南）。少數(shù)民族人口最多的是（壯）族。民族分布特點(diǎn)：（大雜居、小聚居）�！裆贁�(shù)民族風(fēng)情：

（蒙古）族的那達(dá)慕大會(huì)

（傣族）族的潑水節(jié)、孔雀舞，（藏族）族的集體舞、藏歷年，（朝鮮）族的長(zhǎng)鼓舞等。4、我國(guó)的地形

●我國(guó)地形的特點(diǎn)：（地形復(fù)雜多樣，山區(qū)面積廣大）●山區(qū)在開發(fā)和保護(hù)方面應(yīng)當(dāng)注意哪些問題：

（1）山區(qū)地面較為崎嶇，（交通）不便，（基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施）建設(shè)的難度較大。（2）在開發(fā)利用山區(qū)時(shí)，要特別注意（生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)），預(yù)防和避免山地災(zāi)害（如崩塌、滑坡、泥石流）的發(fā)生。

●我國(guó)地勢(shì)特征：（我國(guó)地勢(shì)西高東低，呈階梯狀分布）。階梯的分界線海拔高度主要地形類型主要地形區(qū)

第一級(jí)階梯一、二級(jí)階梯昆侖山脈－祁連山脈－橫斷山脈；二、三級(jí)階梯是大興安嶺－太行山脈－巫山－雪峰山。4000米以上高原青藏高原、柴達(dá)木盆地第二級(jí)階梯1000201*米高原、盆地內(nèi)蒙古高原、云貴高原、黃土高原、四川盆地、塔里木盆地、準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地

第三級(jí)階梯500米以下丘陵、山地、平原、盆地相間分布東南丘陵、東北平原、華北平原、長(zhǎng)江中下游平原

●我國(guó)地勢(shì)西高東低呈階梯狀分布的特征對(duì)我國(guó)的氣候、河流、交通產(chǎn)生的影響：（1）對(duì)氣候的影響：我國(guó)地勢(shì)西高東低向海洋傾斜,有利于海上的濕潤(rùn)氣流向我國(guó)內(nèi)陸推進(jìn),為我國(guó)廣大地區(qū)帶來豐沛的降水。

（2）對(duì)河流的影響：西高東低的地勢(shì),必然造成我國(guó)的大江大河自西向東奔流入海；河流在高一級(jí)階梯向低一級(jí)階梯流動(dòng)時(shí),落差大,產(chǎn)生巨大水能。

（3）對(duì)交通的影響：向東流淌的大河溝通了我國(guó)東西的交通,方便了沿海和內(nèi)陸的聯(lián)系;階梯交界處的高大山脈成為我國(guó)東西交通上的巨大障礙。山脈兩側(cè)的地形區(qū)西側(cè)東側(cè)

①大興安嶺內(nèi)蒙古高原東北平原②太行山黃土高原華北平原

③巫山四川盆地長(zhǎng)江中下游平原

④橫斷山脈青藏高原四川盆地或云貴高原山脈兩側(cè)的地形區(qū)北側(cè)南側(cè)

⑤昆侖山脈塔里木盆地青藏高原⑥天山山脈準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地塔里木盆地●山脈構(gòu)成地形骨架●四大高原

（青藏高原）我國(guó)海拔最高、面積最大的高原（內(nèi)蒙古高原）地面坦蕩、一望無際（黃土高原）黃土廣布、地表千溝萬壑（云貴高原地表崎嶇，喀斯特地貌顯著●四大盆地

面積最大的盆地是（塔里木盆地）盆地海拔最高的盆地是（柴達(dá)木）盆地緯度最高的盆地是（準(zhǔn)噶爾）盆地

發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)條件最優(yōu)越的盆地是（四川）盆地

●主要山脈走向：東－西走向：天山山脈——陰山山脈昆侖山脈——秦嶺南嶺

東北－西南走向:大興安嶺——太行山——巫山——雪峰山長(zhǎng)白山脈——－武夷山脈臺(tái)灣山脈

南－北走向:橫斷山脈

西北－東南走向:祁連山脈弧形山脈:喜馬拉雅山脈5、我國(guó)的氣候

●根據(jù)活動(dòng)積溫,我國(guó)從北到南可以劃分為5個(gè)溫度帶.寒溫帶、中溫帶、暖溫帶、亞熱帶、熱帶；此外還有一個(gè)地勢(shì)較高的高原氣候區(qū).

（1）熱帶亞熱帶暖溫帶中溫帶寒溫帶高原氣候區(qū)（2）0

（3）暖溫帶

（4）瓊臺(tái)粵桂云或滇（5）一三

（6）②亞熱帶③暖溫帶

●依據(jù)降水量和蒸發(fā)量的關(guān)系,我國(guó)可以劃分

為4個(gè)干濕地區(qū)（濕潤(rùn)）區(qū)、（半濕潤(rùn)）區(qū)、（半干旱）區(qū)、（干旱）區(qū)。干濕區(qū)濕潤(rùn)區(qū)半濕潤(rùn)區(qū)、半干旱區(qū)、干旱區(qū)。植被森林森林草原、草原、荒漠。

農(nóng)業(yè)類型種植業(yè)（水田農(nóng)業(yè)）種植業(yè)（旱地農(nóng)業(yè)）畜牧業(yè)

●季風(fēng)區(qū)與非季風(fēng)區(qū)的分界線：（大興安嶺）、（陰山）、（賀蘭山）、（巴顏喀拉山、（岡底斯山）．

●說出下列地理現(xiàn)象存在差異的原因：

我國(guó)長(zhǎng)江中下游地區(qū)形成特殊的“魚米之鄉(xiāng)”的景觀得益于（雨熱同期的季風(fēng)）氣候。

長(zhǎng)江中下游地區(qū)與青藏高原處在大體相同的緯度上，但氣候差別很大的原因是（地勢(shì)（青藏高原海拔高））因素；

長(zhǎng)江中下游地區(qū)與阿拉伯半島大體相同的緯度上，氣候差別很大的原因是受（海陸位置）和（夏季風(fēng)）的影響。北京與烏魯木齊緯度大致相當(dāng)，但降水卻有很大的差別。（海陸位置、夏季風(fēng)）

在不同的溫度帶內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)不同的果樹；不同的溫度帶內(nèi)熟制也不同；南北傳統(tǒng)民居的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)也不同。原因是（緯度因素）

東西植被不同；東西農(nóng)業(yè)類型不同，東部以耕作業(yè)為主，西部以畜牧業(yè)為主；東西部房屋屋頂?shù)慕Y(jié)構(gòu)不同，東南部多鈄頂房，西北部多平頂屋。（降水量不同）使我國(guó)的農(nóng)作物及各種動(dòng)植物資源極其豐富。（氣候復(fù)雜多樣）②形成不同自然資源和旅游資源（氣候復(fù)雜多樣）③人們的飲食習(xí)慣也各有不同，如：四川、湖南等地冬季比較陰冷潮濕愛吃辣椒；南方人愛吃米飯，北方人愛吃面食。（氣候復(fù)雜多樣）

④人們的服飾也因?yàn)檫m應(yīng)氣候而多姿多彩（氣候復(fù)雜多樣）

，如：西藏的藏袍就是為了適應(yīng)西藏日較差大的氣候特征的（地形）；⑤各地的建筑特點(diǎn)不同，北方的屋頂斜度較小，墻體較厚，南方的屋頂斜度較大（氣溫、降水）；⑥對(duì)。……

（1）①7；②7、8；③4、5、6、7、8；④4、5、6、7、8、9（2）夏秋多冬春少

（3）廣州、哈爾濱；我國(guó)的雨帶推移是自南向北推進(jìn)。

（4）因?yàn)槲覈?guó)南方雨季開始早、結(jié)束遲、雨季長(zhǎng)；我國(guó)北方雨季開始遲、結(jié)束早、雨季短

●季風(fēng)氣候帶來的災(zāi)害性天氣（寒潮）、（臺(tái)風(fēng)）、（水旱災(zāi)害）●我國(guó)氣候的主要特征

（1）從圖中讀出我國(guó)的氣候特點(diǎn)：氣候特征（氣候復(fù)雜多樣）、（季風(fēng)）氣候顯著。（2）三明屬于（亞熱帶季風(fēng)氣候）氣候�！窳斜韺�(duì)比長(zhǎng)江、黃河項(xiàng)目長(zhǎng)江黃河

發(fā)源地青藏高原的唐古拉山青藏高原的巴顏喀拉山源頭沱沱河約古宗列渠

流經(jīng)省區(qū)青、川、藏、滇、渝、鄂、湘、贛、皖、蘇、滬青、川、甘、寧、內(nèi)蒙古晉、陜、豫、魯

流經(jīng)主要地形區(qū)青藏高原、云貴高原、四川盆地、長(zhǎng)江中下游平原青藏高原、黃土高原、華北平原

主要支流嘉陵江、漢江、贛江等洮河、湟水、渭河等流域范圍位于秦嶺與南嶺之間位于陰山與秦嶺之間開發(fā)水能（上游）、航運(yùn)水能（上游）治理興建中上游防護(hù)林（略，見下表）

●黃河各河段產(chǎn)生災(zāi)害的原因，以及治理的基本方案。河段上游中游下游

產(chǎn)生的主要災(zāi)害草地退化、荒漠化嚴(yán)重水土流失地上河

產(chǎn)生災(zāi)害的原因氣候趨于干旱黃河中游流經(jīng)黃土高原，支流較多。黃土高原的土層舒松，植被破壞嚴(yán)重，一遇暴雨，大量泥沙與雨水一起匯入黃河。黃河進(jìn)入下游平原，河道變寬，坡度變緩。河水流速減慢，攜帶的泥沙沉積下來，使河床逐漸抬高。

治理植樹種草開展水土保持綜合治理。加固黃河大堤

8、我國(guó)自然資源的特點(diǎn)：（資源總量豐富）、（但人均不足。）土地資源類型季風(fēng)區(qū)或非季風(fēng)區(qū)干濕地區(qū)主要地形類型耕地季風(fēng)區(qū)濕潤(rùn)、半濕潤(rùn)區(qū)東部的平原、低緩丘陵、盆地森林濕潤(rùn)區(qū)山地

草地非季風(fēng)區(qū)半干旱區(qū)高原

未利用土地半干旱區(qū)西部的盆地、高原

●我國(guó)土地的基本國(guó)策是“十分珍惜和合理利用沒一寸土地，切實(shí)保護(hù)耕地�！薄裎覈�(guó)水資源的時(shí)空分布特點(diǎn)及其對(duì)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的影響

●目前人類利用的淡水資源，主要是主要是江河湖泊水和淺層地下水

●我國(guó)水資源時(shí)間、空間分布特點(diǎn)：時(shí)間上：夏秋多，冬春少；空間上：南豐北缺。

●解決水資源時(shí)空分布不均的辦法：興建水庫(kù)可以有效調(diào)控徑流和水量的季節(jié)變化。例如：三峽和小浪底水利樞紐。

●解決水資源地區(qū)分布不均衡的有效辦法之一：跨流域調(diào)水。例如：南水北調(diào)工程，引灤入津工程，引黃濟(jì)青工程。

●解決我國(guó)缺水問題的主要途徑之一：節(jié)約用水、保護(hù)水資源9、我國(guó)的交通

●我國(guó)交通運(yùn)輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)的大致分布格局：東密西疏●我國(guó)的主要鐵路干線

①蘭新線②青藏線（未建成）③包蘭線④京九線⑤寶成線⑥成昆線

東西向：京包線（北京包頭）包蘭線（包頭蘭州）；隴海（連云港蘭州）蘭新線（蘭州烏魯木齊）；

滬杭（上海-杭州）浙贛（杭州株洲）湘黔（株洲貴陽(yáng)）貴昆（貴陽(yáng)昆明）線

南北向：京哈線（北京哈爾濱）；京滬線（北京上海）；京廣線（北京廣州）；京九線（北京九龍）焦柳線（焦作柳州）；

寶成線（寶雞-成都）成昆線（成都昆明）我國(guó)主要的交通樞紐及經(jīng)過的鐵路干線：

北京：（京哈線）、（京包線）、（京廣線）、（京滬線）、（京九線）。徐州：（隴海線）、（京滬線）。鄭州：（隴海線）、（京廣線）。

蘭州：（隴海線）、（京包線）（包蘭線）�！窀鶕�(jù)需要合理地選擇交通運(yùn)輸方式（略）9、我國(guó)的農(nóng)業(yè)

●農(nóng)業(yè)的地區(qū)分布：東、西部差異：

西部400毫米等降水量線東部種植業(yè)畜牧業(yè)種植業(yè)林業(yè)漁業(yè)

有灌溉水源的平原、河谷和綠洲內(nèi)蒙古、新疆、青海、西藏四大牧區(qū)東部半濕潤(rùn)和濕潤(rùn)的平原地區(qū)東北、西南的天然林區(qū)，東南的人工林區(qū)東部沿海和長(zhǎng)江中下游地區(qū)南、北方種植業(yè)的差異：

地區(qū)耕地類型作物熟制（一年幾熟）主要作物糧食作物油料作物糖料作物

秦嶺－淮河以北旱地一年一熟、兩年三熟、一年兩熟小麥花生甜菜秦嶺－淮河以南水田一年兩熟、一年三熟水稻油菜甘蔗●三大棉區(qū)：

●舉例說明因地制宜發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)的必要性：（P102圖4.16填充圖冊(cè)P32五）利用當(dāng)?shù)兀ㄗ匀粭l件）的優(yōu)勢(shì)，把要發(fā)展的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)部門或農(nóng)作物，布局在適宜它本身發(fā)展、生長(zhǎng)最有利的地區(qū)，是“因地制宜”的重要內(nèi)容之一。

●農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)還受當(dāng)?shù)兀ㄉ鐣?huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件）的制約，這也是發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)需要充分考慮的因素。

10、我國(guó)的工業(yè)

●工業(yè)分布特點(diǎn)：（沿海）、（沿河）、（沿交通線）●工業(yè)的空間分布：

(1)京廣、京哈、京滬等鐵路沿線的全國(guó)意義的工業(yè)基地。(2)黃河流域的（能源開發(fā)）工業(yè)帶。

(3)長(zhǎng)江沿線的以（上海）、（南京）、（武漢）、（重慶）為中心的沿江經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)地帶。

(4)沿海地區(qū)的（長(zhǎng)江三角洲）、（遼中南）、（京津唐）、（珠江三角洲地區(qū)）等工業(yè)最發(fā)達(dá)的經(jīng)濟(jì)核心區(qū)。●發(fā)展高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)：

(1)特征：從業(yè)的科技人員比重大；開發(fā)研究的費(fèi)用比例大；產(chǎn)品更新快。(2)分布特點(diǎn)：大多依附大城市，有大分散、小集中的特點(diǎn)。(3)開發(fā)側(cè)重點(diǎn)：沿海地區(qū)側(cè)重（科技園區(qū)型）高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)；沿邊地區(qū)側(cè)重（貿(mào)易導(dǎo)向型）型產(chǎn)業(yè)；內(nèi)陸地區(qū)側(cè)重與（國(guó)防軍事類）有密切關(guān)系的產(chǎn)業(yè)�！窀咝录夹g(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)開發(fā)區(qū)依附于大城市，分布特點(diǎn)呈（大分散）、（、小集中）●舉例說明高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)對(duì)生產(chǎn)、生活的影響：

上海：優(yōu)化調(diào)整了工業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)。（上海工業(yè)的變化）北京：增長(zhǎng)速度快，促進(jìn)和推動(dòng)了經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。（中關(guān)村對(duì)北京經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的貢獻(xiàn)）

擴(kuò)展閱讀：中國(guó)地理總結(jié)

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拔最高世界最高大高原，高寒、冰川廣布雪山連綿我國(guó)第二大高原，最平坦的高原，風(fēng)力作用強(qiáng)烈，西部風(fēng)蝕地貌典型世界黃土分布最廣，流水侵蝕作用強(qiáng)烈，千溝萬壑。地勢(shì)西高東低，石灰?guī)r廣布，流云貴云南省東部、貴州省大部分高原地表崎嶇不平，有許多“壩子”［補(bǔ)充］黃土高原的黃土是地質(zhì)時(shí)期強(qiáng)勁的偏北風(fēng)從北方干旱地區(qū)吹來的，是風(fēng)力沉積作用的產(chǎn)物。黃土層土質(zhì)疏松，加上地面植被破壞，長(zhǎng)期以來，地表受雨水沖刷，水土流失嚴(yán)重，形成千溝萬壑，支離破碎的狀態(tài)。黃土高原是我國(guó)生態(tài)環(huán)境最脆弱的地區(qū)之一，水旱災(zāi)害頻繁，農(nóng)業(yè)落后，許多地方人民生活貧困。但這里又是我國(guó)礦產(chǎn)資源十分豐富的地區(qū)，煤、鐵、有色金屬等儲(chǔ)量豐富。這里的人民利用黃土的直立性和氣候較為干旱的特點(diǎn)，開鑿窯洞。窯洞冬暖夏涼，是很好的居住場(chǎng)所。云貴高原上廣泛分布的石灰?guī)r長(zhǎng)期受流水的溶解侵蝕，形成峰林，溶洞、石林等奇異的喀斯特地形，云南的路南石林、廣西桂林山水等都是著名的喀斯特景觀旅游區(qū)。但是云貴高原峰嶺眾多，地面崎嶇，土壤瘠簿，不利于農(nóng)耕。只有一些小的山間盆地，被當(dāng)?shù)厝朔Q為“壩1000-201*米水溶蝕作用強(qiáng)烈，多喀斯特地貌，子”，比較平坦，是當(dāng)?shù)刂饕�的耕作業(yè)區(qū)。地面有漏斗，地下多溶洞、地下河等，地質(zhì)條件復(fù)雜，地表水易滲漏，并給修建水庫(kù)，工程建設(shè)增加了很大難度。(2)四大盆地名稱位置與范圍海拔主要特征我國(guó)面積最大盆地，有最大沙漠塔克塔里木盆地昆侖山與天山之間；新1000米疆境內(nèi)和最大內(nèi)流河，封閉嚴(yán)密、干燥面積第二大盆地，西北有缺口，相對(duì)濕準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地阿爾泰山、天山之間；500米新疆境內(nèi)外流河，多為固定沙丘3000米左昆侖山、祁連山之間；柴達(dá)木青藏高原東北部，青海盆地省境內(nèi)高原盆地東是巫山，西是橫斷山，四川盆北是大巴山，南是云貴地高原；四川和重慶境內(nèi)［補(bǔ)充］塔里木盆地、準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地邊緣的高山山麓地帶，許多地方受高山冰雪融水的滋潤(rùn)，形成一連串小塊綠洲，是新疆主要的農(nóng)牧業(yè)區(qū)。其中塔里木盆地邊緣的綠洲，處在古代“絲綢之路”上，是溝通亞歐大陸的一段“綠色通道”。四川盆地在地質(zhì)史上是一個(gè)大湖盆，后來由于湖水外泄、下切，形成了三峽。成都平原，是岷江的沖積扇平原，土壤肥沃，灌溉便利，物產(chǎn)富饒，有“天府之國(guó)”的美譽(yù)。(3)三大平原名稱范圍主要特征500米以下多低山丘陵，西有面積較大的成都平原也稱“紫色盆地”，最濕潤(rùn)的外流盆地，源豐富。最高的內(nèi)陸盆”之稱，石油、有色金屬礦、鹽礦資右，我國(guó)地勢(shì)壁，東南部多鹽湖和沼澤地，有“聚寶我國(guó)地勢(shì)最高盆地，大部分為沙漠、戈潤(rùn)，沙漠、戈壁面積較小，北部有一條拉瑪干沙漠（世界最大的流動(dòng)沙丘區(qū)）我國(guó)面積最大、地勢(shì)最高（200米以下）大小興安嶺、長(zhǎng)白山之間，由松的平原，地勢(shì)坦蕩，黑土深廣，多沼澤低東北平原嫩平原、三江平原、遼河平原三地。松嫩平原、三江平原是我國(guó)商品糧率部分組成較高的商品糧基地。我國(guó)最完整的平原，由黃淮海沖積而成。北是燕山，南到準(zhǔn)河，西起太行華北平原山，東至渤海。堿、風(fēng)沙等自然災(zāi)害頻發(fā)的地區(qū)我國(guó)最低平的平原（多在50米以下，下長(zhǎng)江中下游平原巫山以東到海濱，沿江分布呈狹游長(zhǎng)江三角洲則海拔在10米以下），河長(zhǎng)形湖密布，為著名水鄉(xiāng)(4)三大丘陵地勢(shì)低平（多在50米以下），旱澇、鹽位置遼東半島上山東半島上我國(guó)東南部，包括江南丘陵、浙閩丘陵、風(fēng)景旅游區(qū)千山泰山遼東丘陵山東丘陵?yáng)|南丘陵兩廣丘陵等，面積最大黃山、廬山、武夷山、“桂林山水”［注意］利用：①緩坡開辟梯田果園或栽培經(jīng)濟(jì)林木；②發(fā)展旅游業(yè)；③發(fā)展林業(yè)、畜牧業(yè)（5）地震、火山、泥石流名稱分布1、東南部的臺(tái)灣和福建沿海2、華北太行山沿線和京津唐地區(qū)3、西部青地震藏高原和邊緣的四川、云南兩省西部4、西北的新疆、甘肅和寧夏火山泥石流主要分布在內(nèi)蒙古高原南部、東北山區(qū)、臺(tái)灣、海南島等地多產(chǎn)生在西部青藏高原邊緣山區(qū)，東部低山丘陵與平原交替處第二節(jié)中國(guó)的氣候１、冬夏季氣溫分布特點(diǎn)及原因季分布特點(diǎn)節(jié)①我國(guó)跨緯度大，冬季太陽(yáng)直射南半球，我國(guó)緯度越高，南暖北寒、南北溫差大。白晝?cè)蕉�，正午太�?yáng)高度越低，因而北方獲得熱量大大冬漠河是我國(guó)冬季最冷的季地方。0℃等溫線大致經(jīng)②北方靠近冬季風(fēng)源地，深受冬季風(fēng)影響，更加劇北方的1過青藏高原東部邊緣，東月至秦嶺－淮河一線度都大為減弱，使南北溫差增大（可與北美洲地形對(duì)氣候的影響進(jìn)行對(duì)比）①太陽(yáng)直射北半球，雖然我國(guó)南方正午太陽(yáng)高度仍大于北方，但北方的白晝卻比南方長(zhǎng)。太陽(yáng)照射時(shí)間和獲得太陽(yáng)光熱量南北相差不大。除青藏高原和天山、大小夏②受夏季風(fēng)影響程度不同，北方晴天多，氣溫回升快，南興安嶺以外，全國(guó)普遍高季方雨季長(zhǎng)陰雨天多，日照時(shí)間短。溫、南北溫差小。吐魯番青藏高原等山地氣溫低，原因：地勢(shì)高7盆地是我國(guó)夏季最熱的月吐魯番盆地夏季最熱，原因：①盆地地形，不易散熱，地方且外邊氣流越過山地下沉?xí)r，增溫作用強(qiáng)，形成焚風(fēng)；②沙漠廣布，吸熱快；③空氣干燥天空少云，太陽(yáng)輻射強(qiáng)2、溫度帶劃分及其分布寒冷，越往南去，冬季風(fēng)受山嶺的重重阻擋，勢(shì)力和頻小于南方，氣溫低得多；形成原因我國(guó)根據(jù)≥１０℃積溫自北向南劃分五個(gè)溫度帶，即寒溫帶、中溫帶、暖溫帶、亞熱帶、熱帶，同時(shí)另有一個(gè)獨(dú)特的青藏高原氣候區(qū)。1000℃積溫度帶范圍溫瓊?cè)�部和臺(tái)南部、粵南一年三熟，我國(guó)熱帶作物和熱帶經(jīng)熱帶部（雷州半島）、滇南部（西雙版納）一年兩熟到三熟。稻麥兩熟或雙季秦淮一線以南的大部分亞熱帶地區(qū)，青藏高原以東8000℃我國(guó)水稻、油菜及亞熱帶水果、經(jīng)濟(jì)林的重要產(chǎn)區(qū)。黃河中下游大部分地區(qū)3400－暖溫帶即魯全部和陜、晉、冀4500℃大部分和南疆吉全部和黑、遼、內(nèi)蒙中溫帶古大部，北疆3400℃玉米、谷子、高粱一年一熟。生長(zhǎng)期較短的早熟作物寒溫帶黑、內(nèi)蒙古的最北部＜1600℃為主：春小麥、大麥、馬鈴薯等高原氣候區(qū)青海、西藏大部和四川＜201*℃西部一年一熟。青稞等1600－葡萄等）的主產(chǎn)區(qū)。一年一熟。春小麥、大豆、甜菜、玉米、谷子及溫帶水果（蘋果、梨、兩年三熟或一年兩熟。我國(guó)冬小表、4500－稻。雙季稻加冬作油菜或冬小麥。＞8000℃濟(jì)林的重要產(chǎn)區(qū)作物熟制3、降水分布和時(shí)間分配規(guī)律及原因基本特點(diǎn)（規(guī)律）名稱空間分布規(guī)律內(nèi)容從東南沿海向西北內(nèi)影響我國(guó)降水的主要來源是夏季東南部濕潤(rùn)，愈向西北原因影響陸逐漸漸少風(fēng)。我國(guó)東部廣大地區(qū)受東南季風(fēng)和西南季風(fēng)的影響大，降水多；西北內(nèi)陸地區(qū)受夏季風(fēng)影響不明顯，降水稀少部?jī)?nèi)陸越干燥時(shí)間變化季節(jié)變化降水季節(jié)分配不均，降水集中在5月到9月的夏秋季節(jié)夏季受來自海洋的濕潤(rùn)氣流影響，使我國(guó)旱澇災(zāi)害頻繁，降水豐沛；冬季受來自大陸的干燥空氣的影響，降水少夏季風(fēng)進(jìn)退的規(guī)律反常所造成的夏季風(fēng)強(qiáng)或來的早，北澇南旱；夏季風(fēng)弱或來的晚，南澇北旱年際變化各地降水年際變化大，南方較小，北方較大，西北干旱地區(qū)最大降水的南北差異北方：降水少，雨季短；南方：降水多，雨季長(zhǎng)由夏季風(fēng)形成鋒面雨帶進(jìn)退規(guī)律決定的。形成北方的春旱、夏澇；江淮地區(qū)的梅雨和伏旱［注意］關(guān)于降水分布，有三條界線比較重要：a.800mm年等降水量線，它大致經(jīng)青藏高原東南邊緣，然后折向東，沿秦嶺淮河一線，此線以東、以南地區(qū)年降水量大于800mm，為溫潤(rùn)區(qū)。是我國(guó)主要的水田作業(yè)區(qū)，農(nóng)業(yè)以水稻生產(chǎn)為主；此線以北為半濕潤(rùn)區(qū)，以旱作農(nóng)業(yè)為主；b:400mm年降水量線，此線大致沿大興安嶺長(zhǎng)城一線到蘭州，向西南，經(jīng)青藏高原到岡底斯山一線。此線是我國(guó)半濕潤(rùn)區(qū)和半干旱區(qū)的大致分界線，也是我國(guó)農(nóng)耕區(qū)與畜牧業(yè)區(qū)的分界線；c:200mm年等降水量線：大致經(jīng)內(nèi)蒙古中部賀蘭山祁連山經(jīng)青藏高原一線。此線大致是我國(guó)半干旱區(qū)和干旱區(qū)的分界線。年降水量200mm以下的地區(qū)，多為荒漠地區(qū)，除有灌溉水源的綠洲以外，自然環(huán)境惡劣，人煙稀少，十分荒涼。4、我國(guó)雨帶的推移規(guī)律及影響⑴鋒面雨帶的形成：當(dāng)夏季風(fēng)的暖濕氣流登陸北上時(shí)，與從北方南下的冬季風(fēng)的冷干氣流相遇，較輕的暖濕氣流被抬升到冷空氣之上。暖濕氣流在上升過程中，氣溫不斷降低，冷凝致雨，形成鋒面雨，從而在我國(guó)東部地區(qū)冷暖氣流交匯的地帶出現(xiàn)一條降水較多的鋒面雨帶。⑵鋒面雨帶的移動(dòng)：五月，雨帶徘徊在南嶺一帶；六月，雨帶移到長(zhǎng)江流域以后，在江淮之間擺動(dòng)一個(gè)月左右（梅雨）；七月上旬，雨帶開始向北向西推移，七、八月份到達(dá)華北、東北等地。（六、七、八月西南、兩廣地區(qū)還受西南季風(fēng)影響）注圖中陰影與非陰影的分界線為我國(guó)季風(fēng)區(qū)與非季風(fēng)區(qū)的分界線：大興安嶺─陰山─賀蘭山─巴顏喀拉山─岡底斯山一線［注意］除了夏季風(fēng)進(jìn)退及由此而形成的鋒面雨以外，地形和臺(tái)風(fēng)也是影響我國(guó)降水的因素。例如：我國(guó)降水最多的地方火燒寮，就位于正對(duì)東南季風(fēng)的山谷迎風(fēng)坡地帶；我國(guó)降水量最少的吐魯番托克遜，則位于深居內(nèi)陸的盆地中，地形閉塞，降水極少。另外，夏秋季節(jié)，影響我國(guó)東南沿海的臺(tái)風(fēng)，也往往帶來大量降水。5、干濕地區(qū)劃分及分布我國(guó)根據(jù)降水量和蒸發(fā)量的關(guān)系，自東南向西北分布濕潤(rùn)地區(qū)、半濕潤(rùn)地區(qū)、半干旱地區(qū)和干旱地區(qū)。干濕干濕狀況地區(qū)濕潤(rùn)區(qū)半濕潤(rùn)區(qū)>800mm東南大部、東北的東北部降水量＞蒸發(fā)量400-800mm降水量＞蒸發(fā)量東北平原、華北平原、黃土高原南部和青藏高原東南部氣候較濕潤(rùn)，草原和森林氣候濕潤(rùn)，森林主要分布地區(qū)氣候和植被半干旱區(qū)干旱區(qū)200-400mm內(nèi)蒙古高原、黃土高原和青藏高原大部份降水量＜蒸發(fā)量雜多樣7、影響我國(guó)的氣象和氣候?yàn)?zāi)害災(zāi)害梅雨江淮地區(qū)春末夏初江淮地區(qū)冷暖氣團(tuán)勢(shì)均力敵多發(fā)地區(qū)多發(fā)季節(jié)成因富特點(diǎn)防治措施陰雨連綿降水多；出現(xiàn)“空梅”天氣干旱降水多時(shí)排水；出現(xiàn)“空梅”天氣引水灌溉組織抗旱，若有臺(tái)風(fēng)雨形成可能緩解旱情及時(shí)預(yù)報(bào)，做好臺(tái)風(fēng)過境的準(zhǔn)備，建立健全減災(zāi)工作的政策法規(guī)體系，營(yíng)造沿海防護(hù)林，提高公眾的災(zāi)害意識(shí)伏旱臺(tái)風(fēng)長(zhǎng)江中下游地區(qū)東南沿海7月梅雨過后，在單一的副熱帶高壓控制下天氣酷熱少雨，抗旱任務(wù)艱巨狂風(fēng)暴雨夏秋熱帶海洋上形成的強(qiáng)烈的熱帶氣旋春旱華北3-5月氣溫回升快，蒸發(fā)旺盛，夏季風(fēng)沒有到達(dá)（或受單一冷氣流影響），降水少，又值農(nóng)作物播種、生長(zhǎng)季節(jié)，蓄水量大空氣干燥，土壤缺水，河湖水位下降引水灌溉夏澇倒春華北、南方地區(qū)東部季風(fēng)區(qū)6-8月春季風(fēng)來得遲，影響時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，降水強(qiáng)度大洪澇災(zāi)害低洼地排水，疏浚河流，增加入�？�3-5月極地大陸氣團(tuán)勢(shì)力強(qiáng)盛春季出現(xiàn)強(qiáng)低溫和雨雪天氣地膜覆蓋等寒寒潮除青藏高原以外的廣大地區(qū)風(fēng)沙天氣暴雨洪澇除西部一些沙漠地區(qū)以外的廣大地區(qū)夏秋形成降水的天氣系統(tǒng)持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，如鋒面、氣旋、熱帶氣旋等三北地區(qū)冬半年，以春秋兩季最嚴(yán)重春秋兩季，以春季最嚴(yán)重西北季風(fēng)吹揚(yáng)，干旱地區(qū)的沙塵向東南方向擴(kuò)散風(fēng)大，大氣含沙量大，能見度低，影響范圍廣，一般與寒潮路徑相同降水強(qiáng)度大，時(shí)間短，形成洪澇，我國(guó)南方（和東部）地區(qū)多大暴雨和特大暴雨修筑堤壩、整治河道、修建水庫(kù)、修建分洪區(qū)，加強(qiáng)洪泛區(qū)土地管理，建立洪水預(yù)報(bào)預(yù)警系統(tǒng)，擬定居民應(yīng)急撤離計(jì)劃和對(duì)策，實(shí)現(xiàn)防洪保險(xiǎn)等干旱華北、西北冬春長(zhǎng)期無降水或降水異常偏少空氣干燥，土壤缺水，使突出的世界性問題，影響經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會(huì)安定因地制宜，合理調(diào)整農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，改善農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境，在干旱多發(fā)地區(qū)選擇優(yōu)良作物品種，開展農(nóng)業(yè)水利設(shè)施建設(shè)，營(yíng)造防護(hù)林，改進(jìn)耕作制度營(yíng)造防護(hù)林，退耕還林還草強(qiáng)冷空氣迅速入侵大風(fēng)、雨雪、凍害時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，范圍廣加強(qiáng)警報(bào)，做好防旱準(zhǔn)備第三節(jié)中國(guó)的河流和湖泊1、河流的基本特點(diǎn)基本特點(diǎn)河流眾多內(nèi)容流域面積超過1000平方千米以上的河流，就有1500多條河流年徑流量達(dá)27000億立方米，僅次于巴西、俄羅斯、居世界第三水量豐富位水能蘊(yùn)藏量極大水力資源蘊(yùn)藏量達(dá)6.8億千瓦，居世界首位2、內(nèi)外流河及其水文特征。（延伸內(nèi)流湖）占全流域區(qū)域分界線國(guó)總面積流入太平洋：長(zhǎng)江、黃河、珠江、松花江、北段大致沿著大興安嶺一陰山一賀外流區(qū)域蘭山一祁連山（東端）一線；南段沿巴顏喀拉山─岡底斯山一線。（與季風(fēng)區(qū)非季風(fēng)區(qū)的界線大體相近）內(nèi)流區(qū)域1/32/3海河、遼河、瀾滄江（境外稱湄公河）。流入印度洋：雅魯藏布江（在印度境內(nèi)稱布拉馬普特拉河）、怒江。流入北冰洋：額爾齊斯河。流入沙漠或內(nèi)陸湖泊：塔里木河主要大河［注意］河流水文特征分析：①水位（決定于河流補(bǔ)給類型，以雨水補(bǔ)給的河流，水位變化由降水特點(diǎn)決定；冰川融水補(bǔ)給的河流，水位變化由氣溫特點(diǎn)決定），②流量（以雨水補(bǔ)給的河流，看降水量的多少；流域面積大，一般流量大），③含沙量（決定于流域內(nèi)地面植被狀況），④結(jié)冰期有無或長(zhǎng)短（最冷月月均溫），⑤水能蘊(yùn)藏量（由流域內(nèi)的地形、氣候特征決定）（1）不同地區(qū)外流河的水文特征和成因：地區(qū)東北黑龍江及其支流松花河流江特水量征豐富較小豐富遼河、海河、黃河長(zhǎng)江、珠江秦－淮以北秦－淮以南成流經(jīng)森林茂密、氣候濕因潤(rùn)的地區(qū)特水位征變化成河流補(bǔ)給多樣因特汛期較短、季變較小汛期征較小流經(jīng)半濕潤(rùn)和半干旱地區(qū)大河流補(bǔ)給主要是7、8月的降水汛期較短、季變大流經(jīng)降水豐富的濕潤(rùn)地區(qū)小降水的季節(jié)長(zhǎng)汛期長(zhǎng)、季變小成冬季積雪，春天融化，因形成春汛，夏季受夏季降水季節(jié)短風(fēng)影響，形成夏汛特含沙量小征大降水多，且季節(jié)長(zhǎng)小成河流上、中游植被少，因森林茂密，水土流失小且流經(jīng)疏松土質(zhì)的地植被保護(hù)較好區(qū)，水土流失嚴(yán)重特結(jié)冰征期長(zhǎng)成冬季長(zhǎng)，氣溫低因較短無冬季較短冬季氣溫在0℃以上（2）內(nèi)流河的水文特征和成因：特征主要分布在西北內(nèi)陸水量較小成因這里降水稀少，氣候干燥，沙漠廣布，有大面積的無流區(qū)河水主要來自高山冰雪融水和山地降水，其量較小夏季氣溫高，冰雪融水量多，山地降水也較多，水量豐富；冬汛期短季河流斷流，屬季節(jié)性河流，且有顯著日變化內(nèi)流河河水沿途被大量蒸發(fā)、下滲，加上引水灌溉，使河流水量減少，河流消失。塔里木河：7——9月為汛期3、長(zhǎng)江概況長(zhǎng)江源于青藏高原唐古拉山各拉丹冬雪峰，干流沿途流經(jīng)青海，西藏，四川，云南，重慶，湖北，湖南，江西，安徽，江蘇，上海11個(gè)省（市，區(qū)）。注入東海，為我國(guó)最長(zhǎng)、年徑流量最大、流域面積最大的河流。其中自源頭到湖北宜昌為上游，主要流經(jīng)了我國(guó)地勢(shì)的第一、二級(jí)階梯，接納了大量支流，水量大增，落差大，水力資源豐富；自宜昌到江西湖口為中游，長(zhǎng)江中游流經(jīng)平原區(qū)接納了鄱陽(yáng)湖，洞庭湖，漢江等水系，水量大增，荊江河段九曲回腸，易泛濫成災(zāi)；江西湖口以下為下游，下游流經(jīng)平原地區(qū)河流支流已不多，但由于水量大，地勢(shì)低平，防洪任務(wù)艱巨，長(zhǎng)江重要的支流有：雅礱江、岷江、嘉陵江、烏江、湘江、漢江、贛江等，其中漢江是長(zhǎng)江最大的支流。已建成的大型水利工程有葛洲壩（三峽的上游干流）、丹江口（漢江）、安康、二灘（雅礱江）、龔嘴（岷江支流大渡河），隔河巖（清江）、五強(qiáng)溪（沅江）、烏江渡（烏江）、在三峽的西陵峽中三斗坪正在建設(shè)世界最大的三峽水利工程樞紐工程。（1）防洪與灌溉水災(zāi)嚴(yán)重河長(zhǎng)江中下游平原地區(qū)段長(zhǎng)江中下游洪水有三個(gè)主要來源：宜昌以上的干支流；南面洞庭湖、鄱陽(yáng)湖水系；北面的漢江。有些年份，流域內(nèi)普降暴雨，三股主要洪水來水災(zāi)原因自同一時(shí)期，河水猛漲，就會(huì)使長(zhǎng)江干流出現(xiàn)特大洪水，造成水災(zāi)。同時(shí)，上中游植被近年來遭到破壞，泥沙淤塞嚴(yán)重，中許多大湖，圍湖造田，造成分洪能力減小加固江防大堤，興建了一批分洪、蓄洪工程，修建了許多水庫(kù)，并重點(diǎn)防洪工作治理荊江河段，最近又制定了長(zhǎng)江上中游造林和水土保持的宏偉規(guī)劃，長(zhǎng)江三峽水利樞紐工程正在建設(shè)灌溉事業(yè)的目前，全流域的灌溉面積已占耕地總面積的60%發(fā)展（2）黃金水道①長(zhǎng)江航線與鐵路運(yùn)輸相比，具有運(yùn)量大、投資省、成本低等優(yōu)點(diǎn)；②長(zhǎng)江流運(yùn)輸域資源豐富，沿江平原和長(zhǎng)江三角洲是我國(guó)主要農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)基地之一干流上沿岸價(jià)值有眾多的工業(yè)城市；③干流航線與多條南北鐵路和京杭運(yùn)河相交，既溝通內(nèi)地和沿海，又聯(lián)系了南北廣大地區(qū)①一方面疏浚長(zhǎng)江航道，對(duì)灘多流急的川江和“九曲回腸”的荊江進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)治航線理，加強(qiáng)沿江港口建設(shè)；②一方面吸取沿海開放地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，擴(kuò)大沿建設(shè)江的對(duì)外開放大力建設(shè)沿江經(jīng)濟(jì)帶4、黃河概況黃河發(fā)源于青藏高原上巴顏喀拉山北麓，流經(jīng)9個(gè)省級(jí)政區(qū)（青、隴、川、寧、內(nèi)蒙、陜、晉、豫、魯），注入渤海，長(zhǎng)度與流域面積均居我國(guó)第二，但水量很小。內(nèi)蒙古河口鎮(zhèn)以上為上游，黃河上游青海省境內(nèi)，流經(jīng)青藏高原，水量不大，水流平緩，河水清澈；自青海龍羊峽、經(jīng)甘肅劉家峽至寧夏青銅峽的峽谷段，水能資源豐富；在寧夏，內(nèi)蒙古境內(nèi)，黃河流經(jīng)平緩的地形區(qū)，水流平緩，氣候干旱，加上寧夏平原，河套平原大量引水灌溉，水量有所減少；河口鎮(zhèn)至河南孟津?yàn)橹杏�，流�?jīng)黃土高原，接納了汾河，渭河等支流，水量增加，特別是河水含沙量大增（90%黃河泥沙來于此）；孟津以下為下游，流經(jīng)華北平原，由于長(zhǎng)期人工筑堤束水，黃河下游河床高于兩岸地面數(shù)米，形成“地上河”，所以黃河下游沿途水量漸少，支流很少，且易發(fā)洪澇災(zāi)害。而由于中上游地區(qū)用于生產(chǎn)、生活的引水量過大，造成下游河段在春末夏初季節(jié)幾乎每年發(fā)生斷流現(xiàn)象。黃河主要的支流有：上游河段有洮河和湟水，中游段有無定河、延河、汾河和渭河（其支流有涇河、洛河）等。（1）母親河的奉獻(xiàn)黃河是形成華北平原的主要原因之一，使干旱的寧夏、內(nèi)蒙古境內(nèi)形成了沖積平原具有“塞上江南”美稱的寧夏平原和河套平原。這些平原是我國(guó)重要的農(nóng)業(yè)地區(qū)黃河上中游多在高山、高原的峽谷中穿行，蘊(yùn)藏著豐富的水能資源，已陸水能資源續(xù)建成青海龍羊峽、李家峽、甘肅的劉家峽、寧夏青銅峽、河南三門峽、小浪底等大型水利樞紐和水電站燦爛文化千百年來黃河流域的人民，在黃河的哺育下，創(chuàng)造了中華民族的燦爛文化（2）我國(guó)的憂患和黃河的根治黃河出黃土高原，流入平原地區(qū)，由于河道變寬、坡度變緩、流速緩慢，大量泥沙沉積河底，使河床逐漸抬高，成為“地上河”。河床不斷升高，憂患的原因河水只靠人工筑堤約束，一遇暴雨，河水猛漲，兩岸河堤，隨時(shí)隨處有決口的危險(xiǎn)黃河之害，在于下游決口改道。究其根源，是大量泥沙入河并在下游河道沉積。所以，治理黃河的關(guān)鍵，在于治沙。黃河泥沙90%來自中游，加強(qiáng)中游黃土高原地區(qū)的水土保持是治黃的根本。具體措施有：①種草種樹，坡耕地退耕還林、還牧，使土石不下坡，清水長(zhǎng)流；②修筑梯田，黃河的根治打壩淤地，以減少入河泥沙；③上中游修建水庫(kù)也是治黃的重要措施，修水庫(kù)水僅發(fā)電，還可治沙與防洪，調(diào)節(jié)黃河徑流。如小浪底水利樞紐建成后，可發(fā)揮防洪、發(fā)電、灌溉、防凌、防淤、養(yǎng)殖、旅游等多種功能。下游加固大堤，確保堤岸萬無一失。近年來，黃河斷流問題正日益引起我國(guó)政策的高度重視。今后，我們一方面要加強(qiáng)水庫(kù)建設(shè)與管理，調(diào)峰濟(jì)枯；另一面要加強(qiáng)全流域水資源的統(tǒng)一調(diào)配與管理，增強(qiáng)節(jié)水，護(hù)水意識(shí)；同時(shí)要加快黃河上游“引長(zhǎng)濟(jì)黃”工程的論證。5、珠江：發(fā)源于云貴高原，云南省東北部烏蒙山區(qū)，全長(zhǎng)2197千米，流域面積45萬平方干米，流經(jīng)黔、桂、粵等省區(qū)，最后注入南海，主要支流有右江、左江、桂江、郁江。珠江水系包括西江、東江、北江三大江，西江為珠江的主流。整個(gè)水系河道彎曲，水量豐富、汛期長(zhǎng)、含沙量小。西江上游紅水河段，落差大，水能資源蘊(yùn)藏豐富且集中。西江上游紅水河段實(shí)行梯級(jí)水力資源開發(fā)，建設(shè)大型水電樞紐，積極發(fā)展航運(yùn)。［補(bǔ)充］位于紅水河上游的龍灘水電站是我國(guó)裝機(jī)規(guī)模僅次于長(zhǎng)江三峽的第二大水電工程。①西電東送的龍頭：它的建設(shè)對(duì)于促進(jìn)全國(guó)電力聯(lián)網(wǎng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)能源的優(yōu)化配置，滿足廣東和廣西電力增長(zhǎng)的需要，優(yōu)化華南地區(qū)電力結(jié)構(gòu)具有重要的作用。②防洪效益：對(duì)減輕西江和珠江三角洲的洪水災(zāi)害具有明顯的效益。③航運(yùn)效益：紅水河自此將成為溝通黔、桂、粵三省區(qū)通江達(dá)海的黃金水道，為黔、桂兩省區(qū)煤炭及其他礦產(chǎn)資源外運(yùn)開辟了便捷的新通道。④促進(jìn)西部大開發(fā)：將帶動(dòng)當(dāng)?shù)亟ú摹⒁苯�、機(jī)械、農(nóng)牧業(yè)和第三產(chǎn)業(yè)的極大發(fā)展。廣西地處“中國(guó)－東盟自由貿(mào)易區(qū)”的戰(zhàn)略前沿和“泛珠三角”經(jīng)濟(jì)圈的結(jié)合部，是粵港澳資本、技術(shù)、產(chǎn)業(yè)西進(jìn)和參與西部大開發(fā)的熱點(diǎn)地區(qū)。龍灘水電站將為廣西境內(nèi)的區(qū)域合作提供有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的電價(jià)，優(yōu)化投資環(huán)境，有利于這一地區(qū)自然資源的開發(fā)和促進(jìn)工業(yè)現(xiàn)代化、推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)的全面發(fā)展，對(duì)西部少數(shù)民族地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展具有重要拉動(dòng)力。6、京杭運(yùn)河：起、終點(diǎn)地位世界開鑿最北京到早，最長(zhǎng)的杭州人工運(yùn)河6、兩大湖泊分布區(qū)概況我國(guó)湖泊眾多，分布范圍廣而不均勻，以青藏高原和長(zhǎng)江中下游平原分布最為集中。長(zhǎng)江中下游平原湖區(qū)，全部為外流湖、淡水湖。鄱陽(yáng)湖（贛）、洞庭湖（湘）、太湖（蘇）、洪澤湖（蘇）、巢湖（皖）為我國(guó)五大淡水湖泊，其中鄱陽(yáng)湖是我國(guó)面積最大的淡水湖。①青藏高原湖區(qū)是世界上海拔最高的高原湖區(qū)，也是我國(guó)湖泊分布最為集中的區(qū)域。絕大多數(shù)屬內(nèi)流湖，為咸水湖和半咸水湖。其中青海湖（青）是我國(guó)面積最大的湖泊（屬咸水湖），納木錯(cuò)（藏）為海拔最高的大湖。察爾汗鹽湖（青海柴達(dá)木盆地）是我國(guó)最大的鹽湖。除天然湖泊外，我國(guó)還有許多人工湖泊──水庫(kù)。天然湖泊與水庫(kù)具有調(diào)節(jié)氣候、調(diào)蓄水量、灌溉、航運(yùn)、養(yǎng)殖、發(fā)電、提取化工原料和旅游等多種功能。我國(guó)不少湖區(qū)風(fēng)景秀麗，如西湖、太湖、洱海、天池等，都是著名的旅游勝地。［補(bǔ)充］關(guān)注濕地2月2日世界濕地日我國(guó)濕地的主要類型包括沼澤濕地、湖泊濕地、河流濕地、河口濕地、海岸灘涂、淺海水域、水庫(kù)、池塘、稻田等自然濕地和人工濕地。我國(guó)濕地面積，占世界濕地的10％，位居亞洲第一位，世界第四位。千米魯、蘇、浙錢塘江量在內(nèi)河航運(yùn)中僅次于長(zhǎng)江1800京、津、冀、淮河、長(zhǎng)江、仍是重要的運(yùn)輸線，年運(yùn)輸長(zhǎng)度經(jīng)過省、市溝通水系航運(yùn)量海河、黃河、浙江、江蘇境內(nèi)的運(yùn)河段，青海湖的鳥島、湖南省的洞庭湖、江蘇鹽城國(guó)家級(jí)珍禽保護(hù)區(qū)和香港米浦等7處濕地已被列為“國(guó)際重要濕地名錄”。濕地的直接利用功能有：①提供水資源及豐富的動(dòng)植物產(chǎn)品。②提供礦物資源及能源和水運(yùn)條件。濕地的間接利用功能有：①調(diào)蓄水量、調(diào)節(jié)氣候；②沉積營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和凈化污水；③與地下水交流和防止海水入侵；④獨(dú)特的生態(tài)功能和生物多樣性；⑤具有景觀和旅游價(jià)值；⑥具有教育和科研價(jià)值�？键c(diǎn)搜索中國(guó)主要自然資源的特點(diǎn)第四節(jié)中國(guó)的自然資源學(xué)習(xí)自然資源時(shí)，應(yīng)結(jié)合中國(guó)地圖，同時(shí)將各知識(shí)點(diǎn)落實(shí)到地圖上。１、基本特征①自然資源總量大、種類齊全。我國(guó)是世界資源大國(guó)。不僅如此，我國(guó)還是世界上少數(shù)幾個(gè)礦種比較齊全的國(guó)家之一。②人均資源占有量不多，許多資源人均占有量居世界后列。③自然資源形勢(shì)嚴(yán)峻。由于利用不當(dāng)、管理不善，自然資源遭到破壞和浪費(fèi)的現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重。自然資源土地面積礦產(chǎn)儲(chǔ)量耕地面積河流年徑流量森林總面積總量在世界的位次33466人均值約占世界人均值的幾分之幾三分之一五分之一三分之一四分之一五分之一２、水資源和水能資源（總量豐富，分布不均）（1）水資源：我國(guó)是世界上缺水嚴(yán)重的國(guó)家之一，人均水資源占有量?jī)H為世界平均水平的1/4�！八�”已成為了制約我國(guó)社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展的瓶頸。造成我國(guó)水資源短缺的主要原因，不是總量不足，而是水資源時(shí)空分布的不均衡。從空間分布看，我國(guó)水資源南多北少，東多西少。若將“水資源”與人口、耕地面積結(jié)合起來看，我國(guó)水土資源配合欠佳，缺水最嚴(yán)重的華北地區(qū)，耕地占全國(guó)的40%，水資源僅占全國(guó)的6%，這里年降水量在800mm以下，河流徑流量小，更重要的是人口稠密，耕地廣大，工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)用水量大。從時(shí)間變化看，我國(guó)水資源季節(jié)變化大，夏秋多、冬春少。解決水資源不足的主要措施有：①跨流域調(diào)水，以解決水資源空間分布不均的問題，已建或在建的引水工程有：引灤入津、引黃濟(jì)青、南水北調(diào)等；②興修水庫(kù)，解決水資源季節(jié)變化大的問題。如規(guī)模宏大的長(zhǎng)江三峽工程和黃河小浪底水利樞紐完成后，都將在防洪、灌溉及水資源調(diào)配方面發(fā)揮重大作用；③節(jié)約用水，防止水污染，水污染和浪費(fèi)在一定程度上加劇了用水緊張的狀況。今后我們要加大污水處理力度，發(fā)展節(jié)水農(nóng)業(yè)，開展水資源的綜合利用，減少或杜絕水的浪費(fèi)。（2）水能資源：水電與火電相比，具有清潔、廉價(jià)的特點(diǎn)；而且水力發(fā)電是可再生資源，可循環(huán)使用。我國(guó)地勢(shì)西高東低，呈階梯狀分布，許多河流在流經(jīng)階梯交界處時(shí)落差大，水流湍急，水能蘊(yùn)藏巨大。我國(guó)水能資源蘊(yùn)藏量達(dá)6.8億千瓦，居世界第一位，其中長(zhǎng)江水系、雅魯藏布江、黃河中上游和珠江水系尤其豐富，已開發(fā)的水電站，大多分布在長(zhǎng)江、黃河和珠江的上游。目前，發(fā)電量居前的電站有二灘、葛洲壩、龍羊峽等。正在建設(shè)的三峽電站建成后將成為世界最大的水電站。３．土地資源（類型多樣，比例不當(dāng)）①我國(guó)主要利用的土地類型有耕地、林地、草地、建筑用地等。②特點(diǎn)：a我國(guó)土地資源豐富，類型多樣；b山地多，平地少，耕地比重少；c農(nóng)業(yè)用地絕對(duì)數(shù)量多，人均占有量少；d各類土地資源分布不均，土地生產(chǎn)力地區(qū)差異顯著。③從我國(guó)土地資源空間分布看，耕地主要分布在濕潤(rùn)、半濕潤(rùn)平原、盆地及低山丘陵，北方以旱地為主，南方以水田為主；林地主要分布在東北、西南的深山區(qū)和邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)及東南山地；草地主要分布在內(nèi)陸干旱、半干旱高原、山地及青藏高原。我國(guó)土地利用中的核心問題是：保護(hù)有限的土地資源。我國(guó)土地利用中的基本原則是：因地制宜，合理布局。④問題：濫砍濫伐森林引起的水土流失；濫墾草原或過度放牧導(dǎo)致的沙漠化；不合理灌溉引起的土壤次生鹽堿化；因亂建設(shè)濫占耕地導(dǎo)致的大量農(nóng)田喪失等等。⑤對(duì)策：基本國(guó)策：十分珍惜和合理利用每一寸土地，切實(shí)保護(hù)耕地。其他對(duì)策：依照政策法令管理；做好開源與節(jié)流兩項(xiàng)工作；加強(qiáng)土地資源的建設(shè)與保護(hù)。４．礦產(chǎn)資源我國(guó)礦產(chǎn)資源的特點(diǎn)：（1）礦產(chǎn)資源總量大，種類多；（2）分布廣泛，相對(duì)集中。例如：煤、鐵、石油產(chǎn)區(qū)以北方居多；有色金屬礦則南方居多。相對(duì)集中有利于大規(guī)模開發(fā)，形成重要礦產(chǎn)地，但也造成不同地區(qū)間資源流通交換，加重運(yùn)輸負(fù)擔(dān)。（3）伴生礦多、某些重要礦種（例如鐵礦）貧礦多、富礦少，增加了開采運(yùn)輸和分選冶煉的難度。（三大伴生礦：四川攀枝花釩鈦鐵礦、甘肅金昌的鎳銅礦、內(nèi)蒙古白云鄂博的稀土鐵礦）（4）礦產(chǎn)資源形勢(shì)嚴(yán)峻，一方面人均占有量少；另一方面，采富棄貧，濫采濫挖，破壞環(huán)境、破壞礦山，浪費(fèi)嚴(yán)重，利用率低。我國(guó)能源礦產(chǎn)的分布：我國(guó)能源的儲(chǔ)量和產(chǎn)量居第一位的是煤，其次為石油、天然氣。我國(guó)的煤60%分布在華北，東北、西北也不少。南方除云南、貴州等少數(shù)地區(qū)外，煤炭資源較少。重要的煤田有：山西：大同、陽(yáng)泉、西山；河北：開灤、峰峰；山東兗州、陜西：神府；河南：平頂山；江蘇：徐州；安徽：淮南、淮北；內(nèi)蒙古：東勝、準(zhǔn)格爾、霍林河；遼寧、阜新；黑龍江：雞西、鶴崗；貴州：六盤水等。我國(guó)大陸上已開發(fā)的油田，主要分布在東北、華北。著名的油田有：東北黑龍江的大慶，遼寧的遼河。天津附近的華北油田、山東的勝利以及中原油田（簡(jiǎn)稱中華勝利了）、甘肅的玉門、新疆的克拉瑪依等。我國(guó)是世界上最早發(fā)現(xiàn)和利用天然氣的國(guó)家之一。我國(guó)天然氣主要集中在中西部地區(qū)的蒙陜高原、塔里木盆地、柴達(dá)木盆地、四川盆地及東部淺海大陸架地區(qū)。主要的天然氣田有：陜北靖邊和內(nèi)蒙古鄂爾多斯地區(qū)的長(zhǎng)慶氣田（以長(zhǎng)慶氣田為中心向四周輻射的輸氣管道）；塔里木的輪臺(tái)（西氣東輸）；柴達(dá)木的澀北氣田（澀寧蘭輸氣管道）；四川的瀘州、自貢威遠(yuǎn)、江油、達(dá)川和重慶的涪陵、萬州等地（四川盆地環(huán)形輸氣管道）；南海的崖城13-1氣田（向香港輸氣管道）；東海的平湖氣田（向上海輸氣管道）和春曉氣田（供氣寧波、紹興05年建成）［注意］中國(guó)的能源安全問題，中日關(guān)于俄的輸油管線的爭(zhēng)奪，中哈輸油管線。我國(guó)金屬礦的分布：（1）鐵礦：鐵礦是重要的礦產(chǎn)，因?yàn)殇撹F工業(yè)是衡量一個(gè)國(guó)家工業(yè)發(fā)展水平的重要特征。我國(guó)鐵礦資源豐富（居世界第三），但貧礦多，優(yōu)質(zhì)富鐵礦少。我國(guó)鐵礦分布廣泛，其中從河北、遼寧、四川最多。著名的鐵礦有：河北遷安、內(nèi)蒙古白云鄂博、遼寧鞍山、本溪、湖北大冶、四川攀枝花、安徽馬鞍山、海南石碌等。（2）有色金屬礦：我國(guó)是世界上有色金屬礦產(chǎn)資源最豐富的國(guó)家之一，其中稀土、錫、鎢、鈦、銻、鋰、菱鎂礦居世界首位。重要的礦山有：銅礦：江西德興、云南東川、湖北大冶（銅、鐵）；鎢：江西大余；錫：云南個(gè)舊；銻礦：湖南錫礦山；汞礦：貴州銅仁；鎳礦：甘肅金昌；稀土礦：內(nèi)蒙古白云鄂博；金礦：山東招遠(yuǎn)；鋁土礦：貴州修文、山東淄博、廣西：平果；鉛鋅礦湖南水口山、青海錫鐵山等④主要問題和對(duì)策：煤炭、石油、電力不足加強(qiáng)→能源基地建設(shè)和能源資源的勘探、開發(fā)。亂采濫挖，既破壞環(huán)境，又浪費(fèi)嚴(yán)重→依《礦產(chǎn)資源法》護(hù)礦，綜合利用，并研究利用替代性新材料。5、海洋資源（條件優(yōu)越，類型豐富）①漁場(chǎng)形成有利條件：第一，寬淺大陸架，水溫適宜；第二，河流注入帶來豐富有機(jī)質(zhì)、營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽類；第三，寒暖流交匯，也使?fàn)I養(yǎng)鹽類豐富。這樣就有利于浮游生物生長(zhǎng)，為魚類提供了充足餌料。舟山漁場(chǎng)是我國(guó)最大的漁場(chǎng)。（一年有兩個(gè)魚汛：冬季的帶魚汛和夏季的墨魚汛）

［補(bǔ)充］舟山漁場(chǎng)成為我國(guó)第一大漁場(chǎng)原因：A地處臺(tái)灣暖流和沿岸冷海流交匯點(diǎn)，魚的種類多。B有長(zhǎng)江、錢塘江等河流排放到該海域的大量有機(jī)物質(zhì)和鹽類，魚的餌料豐富。C周圍島嶼眾多，為魚的生活和繁殖提供了有利條件。D位置適中，處在我國(guó)南北海岸線的中心地帶。

②我國(guó)是世界第一大海鹽生產(chǎn)國(guó)，長(zhǎng)蘆鹽場(chǎng)是我國(guó)最大的鹽場(chǎng)。其它還有蘇北沿海、臺(tái)灣西部（布袋鹽場(chǎng)）和海南島西部（鶯歌海鹽場(chǎng)）等也是良好的曬鹽場(chǎng)所。

［補(bǔ)充］長(zhǎng)蘆鹽場(chǎng)形成原因：鹽場(chǎng)的分布受地形和氣候兩方面影響。長(zhǎng)蘆鹽場(chǎng)地處渤海灣西岸。因?yàn)檫@一帶有曬鹽的優(yōu)越自然條件：１。有漫長(zhǎng)寬廣平坦的泥質(zhì)海灘。２。有利于海水蒸發(fā)的天氣，這是雨季短春季氣溫回升快，蒸發(fā)旺盛。

③我國(guó)近海石油豐富，目前已在渤海、東海、南海等部份海域開采出海底石油。采用國(guó)際招標(biāo)是海底油氣開發(fā)的可行性方式。此外，海洋水的淡化、海洋能源資源開發(fā)、海洋空間資源開發(fā)利用的前景也十分廣闊。

④問題：過度捕撈和近海石油污染

對(duì)策：a禁止過度捕撈，做到捕撈結(jié)合；b防治海洋污染。6、森林資源

①基本特點(diǎn)：a宜林地區(qū)廣，森林樹種豐富；b森林覆蓋率低（13.9%），林木蓄積量�。籧森林資源地區(qū)分布不均；④森林資源破壞嚴(yán)重。

②主要分布地區(qū)：a全國(guó)最大林區(qū)東北林區(qū)：大、小興安嶺和長(zhǎng)白山地，天然林為主；b第二大林區(qū)西南林區(qū)：橫斷山區(qū)、雅魯藏布江大拐彎地區(qū)和喜馬拉雅山南坡，天然林為主；c南方林區(qū)臺(tái)灣、福建、江西等省的山區(qū)，以次生林和人工林為主。③七大林業(yè)生態(tài)工程：“三北”防護(hù)林體系，長(zhǎng)江中上游防護(hù)林體系，沿海防護(hù)林體系，太行山綠化工程，平原綠化工程，黃土高原水土保護(hù)林工程，全國(guó)防治沙漠化工程。

④成就：我國(guó)人工林面積居世界首位。

7、草場(chǎng)資源

①我國(guó)草場(chǎng)資源面積居世界第2位，是我國(guó)陸地上面積最大的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。

②我國(guó)五大草原區(qū)：東北草原區(qū)；蒙、甘、寧草原區(qū)；新疆草原區(qū)；青藏草原區(qū)；南方草山區(qū)。

③我國(guó)四大牧區(qū)：內(nèi)蒙古牧區(qū)（溫帶草原，代表畜種有蒙古馬、蒙古羊、三河馬、三河牛等）；新疆牧區(qū)（高山草甸，主要分布在天山、阿爾泰山區(qū)，代表畜種有新疆細(xì)毛羊、阿爾泰大尾羊、伊犁馬等）；青海牧區(qū)、西藏牧區(qū)（屬高原牧場(chǎng)、高山草甸，代表性畜種有藏山羊、藏綿羊、牦牛等）。

④我國(guó)草場(chǎng)資源利用現(xiàn)狀：生產(chǎn)方式落后，靠天養(yǎng)畜，對(duì)草場(chǎng)利用多，建設(shè)少；天然草場(chǎng)的單位面積產(chǎn)草量逐年下降，草場(chǎng)退化面積不斷擴(kuò)大，草場(chǎng)沙化和堿化面積增加；草場(chǎng)載畜量越不來越少，一些地區(qū)已達(dá)到飽和狀態(tài)。

⑤保護(hù)措施：加強(qiáng)管理，合理利用天然草場(chǎng)；大力建設(shè)人工草場(chǎng)。

中國(guó)人文地理

考點(diǎn)搜索

〖中國(guó)的疆域和行政區(qū)劃〗

地理位置。國(guó)土構(gòu)成。行政區(qū)劃�！贾袊�(guó)的人口和民族〗

統(tǒng)一的多民族國(guó)家。中國(guó)民族分布特點(diǎn)及主要少數(shù)民族的地區(qū)分布。中國(guó)的人口增長(zhǎng)和分布。中國(guó)的人口政策。我國(guó)人口遷移的現(xiàn)狀和原因�！贾袊�(guó)的農(nóng)業(yè)和工業(yè)〗

中國(guó)主要農(nóng)作物的分布。中國(guó)的畜牧業(yè)和水產(chǎn)業(yè)。

中國(guó)主要工業(yè)基地和工業(yè)中心的分布、特點(diǎn)和形成條件�！贾袊�(guó)的交通、商業(yè)和旅游〗

中國(guó)主要交通運(yùn)輸線、鐵路樞紐和港口。

中國(guó)主要商業(yè)中心，主要進(jìn)出口商品，主要貿(mào)易國(guó)家和地區(qū)。中國(guó)的旅游資源。

〖中國(guó)的環(huán)境問題和可持續(xù)發(fā)展〗

中國(guó)的環(huán)境問題與環(huán)境保護(hù)。中國(guó)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。知識(shí)要點(diǎn)第一節(jié)中國(guó)的疆域、行政區(qū)劃這部分知識(shí)具有量大、難度低的特點(diǎn)，需要記憶的內(nèi)容很多。在高考中這部分知識(shí)直接出現(xiàn)的概率很小。但是它卻是學(xué)習(xí)整個(gè)中國(guó)地理的綱、基礎(chǔ)、知識(shí)的落腳點(diǎn)。1、中國(guó)的位置：半球位置：北半球、東半球海陸位置：亞洲的東部、太平洋的西岸緯度位置：南北跨緯度近50°，大部分在溫帶，南部小部分在熱帶，沒有寒帶2、中國(guó)的疆域：⑴面積廣大，陸地面積有960萬平方千米（還有37萬平方千米的海洋國(guó)土、300萬平方千米經(jīng)濟(jì)專屬區(qū)）。在世界各國(guó)中，僅次于俄羅斯、加拿大，是世界第三大國(guó)。⑵領(lǐng)土四至最北端：黑龍江漠河以北黑龍江主航道中主線（多）最南端：南海南沙群島上的曾母暗沙（附近）最東端：黑龍江與烏蘇里江主航道中心線匯合處（多）最西端：新疆帕米爾高原（附近）南北跨緯度近，約5500千米，東西跨經(jīng)度多、約5000千米，是一個(gè)地域遼闊、自然環(huán)境差異十分顯著的國(guó)度。3、疆界和鄰國(guó)⑴陸界和鄰國(guó)：我國(guó)陸上國(guó)界長(zhǎng)達(dá)2萬多千米，共有14個(gè)陸上鄰國(guó)，從鴨綠江口開始到北侖河口依次為朝鮮、俄羅斯、蒙古、哈薩克斯坦、吉爾吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、阿富汗、巴基斯坦、印度、尼泊爾、不丹、緬甸、老撾、越南（參照地圖冊(cè)）。［注意］我國(guó)已于201*年3月承認(rèn)錫金是印度的一個(gè)邦。鄰國(guó)名稱所屬區(qū)域與中國(guó)相鄰的省地理特征朝鮮東亞遼寧、吉林半島國(guó)相鄰部分屬吉林、黑龍江、內(nèi)俄羅斯北亞蒙古、新疆世界上面積最大的國(guó)家內(nèi)蒙古、甘肅、新蒙古東亞疆內(nèi)陸國(guó)哈薩克斯坦吉爾吉斯斯坦中亞新疆均為內(nèi)陸國(guó)，哈薩克斯坦為世界最大的內(nèi)陸國(guó)塔吉克斯坦阿富汗西亞新疆內(nèi)陸國(guó)（目前世界熱點(diǎn)）巴基斯坦南亞新疆臨海國(guó)、與我國(guó)相鄰的是克什米爾的巴控區(qū)印度南亞新疆、西藏臨海國(guó)（重點(diǎn)國(guó)家）尼泊爾南亞不丹西藏內(nèi)陸山國(guó)，以喜馬拉雅山與中國(guó)分界，珠穆朗瑪峰位于中尼邊界緬甸東南亞西藏、云南臨海國(guó)，怒江流入緬甸后為薩爾溫江老撾東南亞云南內(nèi)陸國(guó)，瀾滄江流入緬甸、老撾后為湄公河越南東南亞云南、廣西臨海國(guó)⑵海上疆界和隔海相望國(guó)家：我國(guó)有18000千米長(zhǎng)的海岸線，對(duì)于我國(guó)的海上疆界同學(xué)們應(yīng)了解如下幾個(gè)概念：臨海：和大陸直接相臨的海域。我國(guó)的臨海有渤海、黃海、東海、太平洋、南海。這里應(yīng)注意我國(guó)臺(tái)灣島的東部與太平洋直接相臨。（廣闊的太平洋給我國(guó)帶來了大量的水汽，對(duì)我國(guó)的工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)及海洋運(yùn)輸、海洋資源開發(fā)產(chǎn)生著重大而深遠(yuǎn)的影響。）領(lǐng)海：國(guó)家領(lǐng)土在海中的延伸，屬于國(guó)家領(lǐng)土的一部分。領(lǐng)海的范圍是從大陸海岸基線向海上延伸12海里。國(guó)家對(duì)領(lǐng)海行使主權(quán)。內(nèi)海：如果邊緣�；蚝�峽完全屬于我國(guó)領(lǐng)海，則為我國(guó)內(nèi)海。我國(guó)的內(nèi)海有渤海和瓊州海峽。專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)：從大陸海岸基線向海中延伸200海里。專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)所屬國(guó)家具有勘探、開發(fā)、使用、養(yǎng)護(hù)、管理海床和底土及其上覆水域自然資源的權(quán)利，對(duì)人工設(shè)施的建造使用、科研、環(huán)保等的權(quán)利。其它國(guó)家仍然享有航行和飛越的自由，以及與這些自由有關(guān)的其他符合國(guó)際法的用途（鋪設(shè)海底電纜、管道等）。海峽：臺(tái)灣海峽、瓊州海峽、渤海海峽半島：我國(guó)的半島自北向南有遼東半島、山東半島、雷州半島。島嶼：我國(guó)是世界上島嶼眾多的國(guó)家之一。我國(guó)90%的島嶼分布在東海和南海。臺(tái)灣島、海南島、崇明島分別是我國(guó)第一、第二、第三大島。舟山群島、廟島群島、澎湖列島、南海諸島是我國(guó)的四大群島。浙江省是我國(guó)島嶼分布最多的省。與我國(guó)隔海相望的國(guó)家有：韓國(guó)、日本、菲律賓、馬來西亞、文萊、印度尼西亞。［注意］關(guān)注“海島爭(zhēng)端”在東海、黃海地區(qū)，我國(guó)與朝鮮、韓國(guó)、日本的專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)和大陸架劃界問題一直沒有解決，我國(guó)的釣魚島則仍被日本占據(jù)著。

南海地區(qū)的形勢(shì)更為復(fù)雜。目前，在南海地區(qū)，各國(guó)的專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)相互重疊交叉，我國(guó)的海洋權(quán)益受損最嚴(yán)重。

目前，日本不但在東海釣魚島問題上態(tài)度蠻橫，而且其海上自衛(wèi)隊(duì)走出國(guó)門，南下與東盟國(guó)家在馬六甲海峽開展聯(lián)合巡邏和聯(lián)合軍演，插手南海地區(qū)事務(wù)。

近年來，印度的軍事戰(zhàn)略有所調(diào)整，以“控制印度洋”為中心，同時(shí)開始執(zhí)行“向東看”政策。印度加緊建設(shè)遠(yuǎn)洋海軍，并已經(jīng)“東進(jìn)”南海海域，與越南等國(guó)進(jìn)行聯(lián)合軍事演習(xí)，頗令周邊感到不安。

4、我國(guó)的行政區(qū)劃

三級(jí)行政區(qū)：我國(guó)疆域遼闊，為了便于行政管理，有利于經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和民族團(tuán)結(jié)，全國(guó)的行政區(qū)域，基本分為�。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市、特別行政區(qū)）、縣（自治縣、市）、鄉(xiāng)（鎮(zhèn)）三級(jí)，我國(guó)擁有34個(gè)省級(jí)行政區(qū)（包括23個(gè)省、4個(gè)直轄市、5個(gè)自治區(qū)和香港、澳門特別行政區(qū)）。

［注意］這是我們學(xué)習(xí)的難點(diǎn)，建議同學(xué)們通過經(jīng)�？措娨暎ㄌ鞖忸A(yù)報(bào)）、報(bào)刊、多看地圖、多做填圖練習(xí)和拼圖游戲等方式，熟練掌握34個(gè)省級(jí)行政單位的名稱、位置、大小、輪廓特征等以及他們的簡(jiǎn)稱、省會(huì)所在地城市等。

第二節(jié)中國(guó)的人口和民族

1、中國(guó)的人口

中國(guó)第五次人口普查資料顯示，中國(guó)人口（201*年）為12.95億，占世界人口的1/5強(qiáng)，是世界上人口最多的國(guó)家。人口密度在135人/平方千米以上，人口密度遠(yuǎn)大于俄、加、美、巴等國(guó)家。

［注意］201*年1月6日“中國(guó)13億人口日”

我國(guó)人口（包括人口增長(zhǎng)、人口分布、人口問題、人口遷移）是高考試卷經(jīng)常涉及的內(nèi)容。⑴人口分布：（掌握騰沖－黑河一線）：我國(guó)人口的空間分布是東南多，西北少；城鄉(xiāng)分布：農(nóng)村人口比重大，城鎮(zhèn)人口比重小。我國(guó)約有三千多萬華僑和華人生活在國(guó)外。僑胞的原藉以廣東，福建兩省最多⑵人口增長(zhǎng)：我國(guó)人口的突出特點(diǎn)是人口基數(shù)大，人口增加快，龐大的人口數(shù)量嚴(yán)重地制約了我國(guó)社會(huì)的發(fā)展，所以國(guó)家把實(shí)行計(jì)劃生育作為一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)期的基本國(guó)策；其主要內(nèi)容是：控制人口數(shù)量，提高人口素質(zhì)；其具體要求是：晚婚晚育，少生優(yōu)生。⑶人口問題：人是生產(chǎn)者，也是消費(fèi)者，人口發(fā)展必須與社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展速度相適應(yīng)，與資源利用和環(huán)境保護(hù)相協(xié)調(diào)。目前，人口已成了制約我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)發(fā)展的重要因素之一。人口問題的主要表現(xiàn)有：①人口增長(zhǎng)過快。每年國(guó)家所產(chǎn)生的新增財(cái)富很大一部分為新增人口所抵消。國(guó)家、社會(huì)、家庭面臨沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)，妨礙了人民生活水平的迅速提高。資源、環(huán)境面臨巨大的壓力。②農(nóng)村人口比重大，城鎮(zhèn)人口比重小。目前我國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)人口比重大約占1/3，仍低于發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家平均水平。但同時(shí)我國(guó)又是世界上城鎮(zhèn)人口最多的國(guó)家。今后隨著我國(guó)社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展，城鎮(zhèn)人口還將快速增長(zhǎng)。與此同時(shí)，我們又要防止城市人口膨脹所帶來的城市問題。所以，國(guó)家對(duì)城市發(fā)展的方針是：嚴(yán)格控制大城市規(guī)模；合理發(fā)展中小城市；建設(shè)有特色的新型鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)。使大中小城市有機(jī)結(jié)合，城鄉(xiāng)人口合理布局。③人口遷移問題：二十世紀(jì)八十年代以來，國(guó)家實(shí)行改革開放政策。目前，我國(guó)每年都有數(shù)千萬農(nóng)民進(jìn)城務(wù)工、經(jīng)商，形成了特殊的“民工潮”。民工流動(dòng)一方面使城鄉(xiāng)差別縮小，促進(jìn)了城市的發(fā)展與繁榮。同時(shí)也使農(nóng)村過剩勞動(dòng)力部分得到就業(yè)。增加了農(nóng)民收入。另一方面，也給城市就業(yè)、交通、居住環(huán)境和生活環(huán)境、社會(huì)治安等帶來很大壓力。④人口老化。近年來，我國(guó)人口老化、老年人口增加的趨勢(shì)發(fā)展很快。人口老化將給國(guó)家、社會(huì)和家庭帶來沉重負(fù)擔(dān)。同時(shí)，如何解決老年人的生活、娛樂、社會(huì)福利、醫(yī)療保障等問題，使老年人都有一個(gè)健康、快樂的晚年，是擺在我們面前的重大課題。［補(bǔ)充］第五次人口普查結(jié)果顯示，我國(guó)人口有六個(gè)方面的特點(diǎn)：①人口過快增長(zhǎng)的勢(shì)頭得到了有效控制。②城市化發(fā)展較快。③人口素質(zhì)進(jìn)一步提高，人口受教育程度顯著提高。④老齡化進(jìn)程加快。⑤少數(shù)民族人口有較快增長(zhǎng)。⑥家庭戶規(guī)模繼續(xù)減小。2、中國(guó)的民族中國(guó)共有56個(gè)民族，是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的多民族社會(huì)主義國(guó)家。其中漢族人口最多，占92%。其他55個(gè)民族被稱為少數(shù)民族，其中壯族人口最多，有1500多萬人。超過400萬的少數(shù)民族還有：滿、回、苗、維吾爾、藏、彝、土家、蒙古族等。民族分布特點(diǎn)：大雜居、小聚居各民族的地區(qū)分狀況：漢族的分布遍及全國(guó)，主要集中在東部和中部；少數(shù)民族多分布在西南、西北和東北等邊疆地區(qū)。云南省是我國(guó)少數(shù)民族最多的省份。民族政策：我國(guó)實(shí)行平等、團(tuán)結(jié)、互助的民族政策，各民族不論大小，一律平等。國(guó)家尊重少數(shù)民族的文化、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、宗教信仰等，在少數(shù)民族聚居的地區(qū)實(shí)行民族區(qū)域自治（如自治區(qū)、自治州、自治縣、民族鄉(xiāng)等）的政策。國(guó)家根據(jù)各少數(shù)民族的特點(diǎn)和需要，幫助各少數(shù)民族加快發(fā)展本地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和各項(xiàng)社會(huì)事業(yè)。第三節(jié)中國(guó)的農(nóng)業(yè)和工業(yè)1、中國(guó)的農(nóng)業(yè)主要內(nèi)容見已發(fā)的農(nóng)業(yè)相關(guān)內(nèi)容補(bǔ)充⑴種植業(yè)A．農(nóng)業(yè)是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)，廣義的農(nóng)業(yè)包括耕作業(yè)、林業(yè)、畜牧業(yè)和漁業(yè)。在我國(guó)，種植業(yè)是農(nóng)業(yè)的主體。種植業(yè)受自然條件的影響很大，它一方面要求有適宜耕作的土地，一般要求地形平坦，土壤深厚、肥沃，水源豐富，灌溉便利；另一方面要有足夠的供農(nóng)作物生長(zhǎng)所需的光照、熱量和水分，世界上農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展較早、農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)的地區(qū)多分布在降水適中的熱帶、溫帶平原地區(qū)。我國(guó)的種植業(yè)區(qū)也主要分布在濕潤(rùn)、半濕潤(rùn)的東部季風(fēng)區(qū)的平原、盆地和丘陵區(qū)。受氣候條件的影響，我國(guó)南方和北方的農(nóng)業(yè)在耕作制度、農(nóng)作物種類等方面有明顯的差異。分布主要分布在半濕潤(rùn)和濕潤(rùn)的平原地區(qū)這些平原地區(qū)，屬于我國(guó)季風(fēng)區(qū)，溫度和降水條件好，屬濕潤(rùn)和濕潤(rùn)地區(qū)，成因同時(shí)平原廣闊，有利于種植業(yè)的發(fā)展北方秦嶺－淮河一線以北，主要是旱地，灌溉多采用水澆形式。種植的農(nóng)作物有小麥、棉花、花生、甜菜等。東北地區(qū)一年一熟，華北平原兩年三熟或一年一熟南方秦嶺－淮河一線以南，主要是水田，廣泛種植水稻。此外，棉花、油菜、甘蔗等農(nóng)作物的種植面積也較廣。大部分地區(qū)一年兩熟至三熟地區(qū)差異糧食生產(chǎn)的重要性提高糧食產(chǎn)我國(guó)人口眾多，糧食的需要量大米，人口增長(zhǎng)快，人均糧食產(chǎn)量不及世界平均水平。同時(shí)，我國(guó)是一個(gè)自然災(zāi)害頻繁的國(guó)家，對(duì)糧食產(chǎn)量影響很大①珍惜和合理利用每一寸土地；量的主要途②科學(xué)方法種田，提高單位面積的產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量徑我國(guó)的自然條件和土地資源是多種多樣的，國(guó)家建設(shè)和人民生活的需要也是多方面的。因此，要積極發(fā)展多種經(jīng)營(yíng)。我國(guó)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)是根據(jù)不同的積極發(fā)展多自然條件。相應(yīng)地建成立了九大商品糧基地，和商品糖、油、棉等基地，種經(jīng)營(yíng)以貫徹"決不放松糧食生產(chǎn)"的同時(shí)，還要貫徹"積極發(fā)展多種經(jīng)營(yíng)"和"發(fā)展優(yōu)質(zhì)，高產(chǎn)，高效農(nóng)業(yè)"的方針。B．我國(guó)的商品性農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)基地的比較基地類型商品糧基地分布地區(qū)九大基地：①生產(chǎn)條件和基礎(chǔ)好的地區(qū)：太湖平原、洞庭湖平原、江漢平原、鄱陽(yáng)湖平原、成都平原、珠江三角洲；②增產(chǎn)潛力較大的地區(qū)：江淮地區(qū)；③糧食商品率較高的地區(qū)：松嫩平原、三江平原。商品棉基地五大基地：江漢平原；冀中南、魯西北、豫北平原；長(zhǎng)江下游濱海、沿江平原；黃淮平原；南疆油料花生重要性居于首位；主要分布在溫帶、亞熱帶的沙土和丘陵地區(qū)；山東作物基地油菜芝麻胡麻甘蔗產(chǎn)量最多我國(guó)播種面積最大的油料作物，主要分布在長(zhǎng)江流域。有“北移南遷”的趨向，如黃淮海平原，遼、黑及華南地區(qū)主要在河南西北內(nèi)陸地區(qū)生長(zhǎng)習(xí)性：喜高溫，需水肥量大，生長(zhǎng)期長(zhǎng)。臺(tái)灣、廣東、福建、四糖料作物川、云南、海南是主要產(chǎn)區(qū)（熱帶、亞熱帶）甜菜生長(zhǎng)習(xí)性：喜溫涼，耐鹽堿、干旱，生長(zhǎng)期短。黑龍江、吉林、內(nèi)蒙古、新疆四個(gè)省區(qū)（中溫帶）以進(jìn)入國(guó)際市場(chǎng)為目標(biāo)：太湖平原、閩南三角洲地帶、珠江三角洲；出口商品基地種植花卉、蔬菜、水果，發(fā)展塘魚禽畜生產(chǎn)。C．中國(guó)的糧食問題和主要的解決途徑糧食生產(chǎn)是我國(guó)種植業(yè)的主體，在整個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)中占有舉足輕重的地位，因?yàn)榧Z食是我國(guó)人民最基本的生活資料。我國(guó)有近13億人口，糧食需求量大。目前，我國(guó)糧食產(chǎn)量居世界第一位，但人均糧食產(chǎn)量還只有400千克，剛剛達(dá)到世界平均水平。同時(shí)，我國(guó)人口增長(zhǎng)快，耕地面積不斷減少，農(nóng)業(yè)自然災(zāi)害頻繁。因此發(fā)展糧食生產(chǎn)，確保糧食生產(chǎn)的穩(wěn)定，是關(guān)系我國(guó)國(guó)計(jì)民生的頭等大事。也是實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)合理布局的關(guān)鍵。解決我國(guó)糧食問題的主要途徑是：①要珍惜和合理利用每一寸土地，切實(shí)保護(hù)耕地；②要實(shí)施科學(xué)種田，通過改造中低產(chǎn)田，提高單位面積產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量；③在確保糧食供求“基本平衡”的同時(shí)，積極開展多種經(jīng)營(yíng)，發(fā)展“優(yōu)質(zhì)、高產(chǎn)、高效農(nóng)業(yè)”。面向市場(chǎng)，調(diào)整農(nóng)作物品種和農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，一方面滿足人民生活的豐富多樣的需求，另一方面使廣大農(nóng)民的收入真正得以提高。④要用科學(xué)方法種田，提高單產(chǎn)量。例如：使用優(yōu)良種子，采用先進(jìn)的經(jīng)營(yíng)管理方法等。⑵林業(yè)森林是

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