翻譯實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告

英漢文章翻譯及感想體會(huì)

一．實(shí)習(xí)時(shí)間8月

二．實(shí)習(xí)目的

作為一名英語(yǔ)專業(yè)生，涉足翻譯這一領(lǐng)域是不可避免的。已經(jīng)在大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)兩年了，是時(shí)候?qū)Ψ�譯這一專業(yè)做個(gè)系統(tǒng)的了解了。翻譯對(duì)于英語(yǔ)專業(yè)生是一門必學(xué)的專業(yè)課程，也是需要系統(tǒng)的了解和掌握的，所以在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中去了解翻譯實(shí)踐與理論，實(shí)現(xiàn)理論與實(shí)踐的統(tǒng)一也很有必要。初步對(duì)翻譯這一英語(yǔ)專業(yè)的分支做一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的認(rèn)識(shí)。涉獵相關(guān)翻譯技巧和方法，閱讀相關(guān)書籍，開闊自己的知識(shí)面。同時(shí)，將大一大二所學(xué)的理論知識(shí)與平時(shí)的實(shí)踐運(yùn)用到這次實(shí)習(xí)中，以便對(duì)自己的知識(shí)框架做個(gè)整理，同時(shí)總結(jié)實(shí)踐中自己知識(shí)方面的欠缺和問(wèn)題，最后要對(duì)癥下藥，找到解決問(wèn)題的方法。這樣，為接下來(lái)大三的學(xué)習(xí)做一個(gè)鋪墊，更好的學(xué)習(xí)接下來(lái)一年的專業(yè)知識(shí)。

三．實(shí)習(xí)內(nèi)容

在導(dǎo)師的安排下，我們這次翻譯實(shí)習(xí)的任務(wù)是：在這個(gè)暑假，在西方各大主流媒體中的任意媒體中（如紐約時(shí)報(bào)，泰晤士報(bào)等等）找到任意一篇英文的新聞或是其他題材的作品，將其譯成中文，中譯英的要求是最好選取家鄉(xiāng)的某一景點(diǎn)或是特產(chǎn)什么的進(jìn)行介紹，將其翻譯成英文。要求字?jǐn)?shù)為1000字左右。同時(shí)，撰寫3000字左右的實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告

四．實(shí)習(xí)方式筆譯五．實(shí)習(xí)過(guò)程

我于8月1日開始我的暑假翻譯實(shí)習(xí)任務(wù)。首先，在網(wǎng)上搜索到符合導(dǎo)師要求的材料，將其拷貝到我的存儲(chǔ)卡中待用。我英譯中的材料是關(guān)于奧巴馬和羅姆尼競(jìng)選活動(dòng)的材料，中譯英的題目為《語(yǔ)言學(xué)家稱漢語(yǔ)可能阻礙創(chuàng)造力的發(fā)展》，是關(guān)于某個(gè)名家對(duì)漢語(yǔ)的一些評(píng)

第1頁(yè)共5頁(yè)價(jià)。在將他們翻譯之前，上網(wǎng)查找相關(guān)資料，查找書籍，了解相關(guān)的技巧。如在英譯中時(shí)，那些地方要注意直譯，而哪些地方又要注意英譯，翻譯的順序等等；在中譯英時(shí)，冠詞，定冠詞，不定冠詞的具體用法，專業(yè)詞匯的了解，短語(yǔ)，同義詞的辨析和用法詞的轉(zhuǎn)換，詞的代替，詞義的選擇等等，還有對(duì)習(xí)語(yǔ)的了解。待一切準(zhǔn)備好后，接下來(lái)，我就開始了我的翻譯實(shí)習(xí)了。

我的計(jì)劃是先進(jìn)行英語(yǔ)譯成中文的翻譯，然后再完成中文譯成英文的的翻譯。因?yàn)閷?duì)我而言，英文譯成中文對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)較簡(jiǎn)單一些。于是，我給自己安排的英譯中的時(shí)間較英譯中的時(shí)間少。從初中到大學(xué)，課本上的課文都是英文的，所以在上課的過(guò)程中也漸漸熟悉了怎樣去進(jìn)行英譯中的翻譯，對(duì)于常見的翻譯常識(shí)了解一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)。于是，8月2號(hào)我開始把拷來(lái)的材料進(jìn)行翻譯了。首先是英文譯成中文的，一句一句看過(guò)來(lái)，整理好句子的語(yǔ)序，用到各種語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，定語(yǔ)的后置，定語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句，狀語(yǔ)從句，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，倒裝等，查閱相關(guān)資料及專業(yè)詞匯，進(jìn)行翻譯。像在我的翻譯材料中有一些很專業(yè)的詞匯，TeaPartymovement，superPAC等等。這樣的詞匯我就借助網(wǎng)絡(luò)來(lái)翻譯。還有一些結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜的句子，如HiscommentsaboutthemandatebeingataxcameonanotherwiseslowFourthofJuly,ensuringthattheydominatedthenewscycle,albeitonethatfewerpeoplethanusualwerepayingattentionto.又如，Mr.Romney’sremarksprovedadistractionfromwhatshouldhavebeenadayofpatrioticphoto-opsashevacationedinNewHampshire.HeappearedintheannualFourthofJulyparadehere,energeticallyworkingthecrowds.“Terrifictoseeyou!”hesaid,beamingashestretchedhishandsouttowardtheonlookers,sometimesshakingwithbothhands.“Hey,howareyou?HappyFourthofJuly!”我會(huì)一個(gè)一個(gè)將句子主干理清，先把最主要的信息整理出來(lái)，在將一些修飾語(yǔ)之類的在插入進(jìn)去，這樣，一個(gè)句子才算基本翻譯完整。有些自己很難翻譯出來(lái)的句子我也會(huì)借助網(wǎng)絡(luò)翻譯出來(lái)，對(duì)于實(shí)在不能理解翻譯出來(lái)的句子先將

第2頁(yè)共5頁(yè)其留在那里，用一張紙條整理出來(lái)，等待進(jìn)一步的思考，這樣可以繼續(xù)翻譯后面的內(nèi)容，等到將全部的內(nèi)容大致翻譯完成，再?gòu)念^來(lái)過(guò)，系統(tǒng)整理一遍。對(duì)于之前覺(jué)得譯的不夠滿意的地方在思考斟酌，最后在確定最終的翻譯結(jié)果。然后是中文譯成英文的翻譯了，中文譯成中文似乎會(huì)晦澀一點(diǎn)，像一些成語(yǔ)，諺語(yǔ)，名句的翻譯處理起來(lái)會(huì)有點(diǎn)棘手，所以花的時(shí)間會(huì)多一點(diǎn)。把中文譯成英文時(shí)要整體把握句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，不能脫節(jié)，對(duì)于細(xì)節(jié)的處理比較重要，當(dāng)然還有詞語(yǔ)和短語(yǔ)的選擇。翻譯在于信，達(dá)，雅。在中譯英時(shí)，我會(huì)仔細(xì)考慮單詞的選擇。盡量做到精準(zhǔn)。還有就是盡量避免中式英語(yǔ)的出現(xiàn)，用英語(yǔ)思維翻譯句子。中式的思維對(duì)于向我們這樣的中國(guó)學(xué)生還是存在一定影響的。在之前看了一點(diǎn)一位老師介紹的中式英語(yǔ)之鑒，了解了一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)外國(guó)人對(duì)我們翻譯的看法和意見。材料中有些句子比較難翻譯，不是很好把握。在之前。了解到翻譯要注重地道的表達(dá)，這才能叫專業(yè)。因此，在翻譯過(guò)程中，我也借助了網(wǎng)絡(luò)，多方向的思考，盡量使用高級(jí)一點(diǎn)的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)出意思。對(duì)于中譯英，我是一整句一整句看下來(lái)，先對(duì)每個(gè)句子整個(gè)把握，然后在構(gòu)思如何去將它們通順，簡(jiǎn)單而又不失原意的翻譯出來(lái)。

六．實(shí)習(xí)體會(huì)和感想

這次實(shí)習(xí)是第一次專業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)，在這之前沒(méi)有真正的進(jìn)行過(guò)專業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)。在這次翻譯中自己學(xué)到了一些東西，取得了一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的翻譯成績(jī)，雖然不是很專業(yè)。但起碼，這次，真真正正的進(jìn)行了一次翻譯。在實(shí)習(xí)過(guò)程中了解了翻譯到底該如何去完成。努力地去思考，去查東西，可以把一篇文章還比較通順的翻譯出來(lái)，體會(huì)了翻譯的樂(lè)趣�？吹阶约悍�譯的東西，雖然不是十全十美，但是還是會(huì)有一點(diǎn)成就感的。之前對(duì)于翻譯這一專業(yè)的了解也不是很深。只知道翻譯是把一種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)出來(lái)的文字轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)出來(lái)的文字。對(duì)于翻譯的一些理論，技巧，原則等等都不夠了解�，F(xiàn)在我認(rèn)識(shí)到翻譯要的不僅僅是知識(shí)的掌握，還有一門重要的因素：那就是感情。自己在翻譯時(shí)，要全身心的投入，反復(fù)的思考。翻譯最基本的是詞匯量，其次是語(yǔ)法，還

第3頁(yè)共5頁(yè)有對(duì)文化背景的了解。對(duì)于單詞的應(yīng)用也很重要，在進(jìn)行翻譯時(shí)，單詞，句子的意思要靈活處理，一個(gè)單詞會(huì)有很多種意思，如何去選擇能真正傳達(dá)出原文意思的意義就顯得很重要。有時(shí)還要對(duì)詞義進(jìn)行稍微的轉(zhuǎn)變，不能生硬的翻譯，這樣翻譯出來(lái)的句子會(huì)扭曲原文的意思，既不能真確表達(dá)原文的意思，又會(huì)讓人覺(jué)得哭笑不得，這樣的翻譯也就算不上翻譯了。還有代詞的用法，代詞雖然簡(jiǎn)單，但它的用法卻多種多樣，放在句中不同的位置有不同的用法，指示代詞，人稱代詞，等等。在單詞意思弄清楚后，便是語(yǔ)序的調(diào)整，這時(shí)各種語(yǔ)法知識(shí)便派上用場(chǎng)了。英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)不同，它講究的是邏輯，句子也是一層又一層的，所以必須先理清楚句子的主干。在這次翻譯中出現(xiàn)比較多的專業(yè)詞匯，像英譯中的那篇，里面涉及的政治性專業(yè)詞匯，還有美國(guó)的政治文化等等方面。這時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)詞匯的積累實(shí)在不夠，尤其是專業(yè)詞匯量。第二篇是關(guān)于語(yǔ)言方面的翻譯，“之所以能起到這樣的作用，是因?yàn)樽帜赶到y(tǒng)驅(qū)使學(xué)習(xí)者去做以下兩件事情”，這個(gè)句子就要考慮到句子的語(yǔ)序問(wèn)題。我在翻譯過(guò)程中遇到了比較難處理的句子，缺乏相應(yīng)的處理技巧，所以在翻譯過(guò)程中有些句子的翻譯會(huì)比較別扭，看上去不是那么的地道準(zhǔn)確。再者是介詞的用法，作定語(yǔ)，或是作其他什么，語(yǔ)篇的連貫性和銜接，在翻譯時(shí)，雖然我是把句子翻譯出來(lái)了，但有些地方的銜接還有待進(jìn)一步的思考。有些句子看上去意思是懂，但是，用語(yǔ)言表達(dá)出來(lái)卻不知如何把它很好的說(shuō)出來(lái)，讓其看上去既通順，又能很好地表達(dá)出意思。

經(jīng)過(guò)這次翻譯，意識(shí)到了自己在翻譯中需要加強(qiáng)的是哪些方面。首先是詞匯量的問(wèn)題，還有一些翻譯技巧的使用。在接下來(lái)的這個(gè)學(xué)期，會(huì)開設(shè)翻譯理論與實(shí)踐這門課程，我想這就是真正走進(jìn)翻譯世界的大門吧!真正的去掌握翻譯這門深?yuàn)W的課程，在翻譯世界里徜徉。認(rèn)真的學(xué)習(xí)翻譯理論，然后將其運(yùn)用到平時(shí)的練習(xí)當(dāng)中，活學(xué)活用。在學(xué)習(xí)課本知識(shí)的同時(shí)，擴(kuò)大詞匯量，廣泛閱讀，大量閱讀英文原著和雜志，報(bào)紙等，擴(kuò)大自己的知識(shí)面，了解歐美文化，文學(xué)等，在此基礎(chǔ)上大量練習(xí)，反復(fù)實(shí)踐，多看多練自己的提高翻譯水平。

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擴(kuò)展閱讀：英語(yǔ)翻譯實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告

西安建筑科技大學(xué)文學(xué)院英文系筆譯實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告

筆譯實(shí)習(xí)材料及譯文Day1Part1ProfessorLeeSingKong,Director,NIE,Faculty,staff,distinguishedguests,Andmyfellowgraduands,Averygoodafternoontoall!Itismygreatpleasureandprivilegetogivethevaledictoryspeechonbehalfofmydearestclassmates!Itseemsthateveryoneistiredofthegenericvaledictoryspeechanditisnoteasytocomeupwithanentertainingandmemorableone.IsearchedinternetforsomevideosandIfoundthattomaketheirspeechesmoreinteresting,peoplecrackjokes,quotehip-poplines,singasongwithaguitarorcomposearaplikeEminem.IamsorrythatIcantdothesethings.SoIborrowonetrickthatIhopewillworkforme.Now,ladiesandgentlemen,pleaseputupyourrighthand,atthecountofthree,touchtheshoulderofyourneighbor.One,two,three.NowIamsurethateveryonehasbeentouchedbymyspeech.IstillremembermyfirstdayinNIE.Itwasabeautifulday.WhenIwasstandingonthelushgreenlawn,Ifoundmyselfinamoodforvacationandrelaxation.Iwasimpressedbytheefficiencyinthearrangementofaseriesofevents,hearingNIEDirectorsspeech,meetingteachersandformerstudents,learninghowtouselibraryandotherfacilities.Iwasalsoexcitedaboutthecourseswhichwerecompletelynewtoaliteraturestudent.WhatIfoundmoststrikingwasthemultiethnicbackgroundanddiverseeducationalbackgroundofourteachers.TheycomefromChina(includingmainland,HongKongandTaiwan),Vietnam,Germany,Malaysia,theStates,AustraliaandSingapore.Theyalsoreceivedtheirdegreesfromprestigiousuniversitiesinvariouscountries.Theirpersonalexperiencesnotonlyshowcasediversityandmultiethnicharmony,twocoreideasvaluedinSingaporebutalsoenlightenusfromamyriadofperspectives.HereIjustwanttomentionhowdiversityandharmonycanbeintegratedinourreal-lifeteachingandresearching.First,weneedtoappreciatediversityandconstructharmonyinourteaching.weshouldbeawareofthediversityinourteachingconditionswithdifferenttangiblefacilities,classsizes,lengthsofcourses,andareaswithvariedsocio-economicsituations.Ourstudentsarediversetoo.Theydifferintheirmotivations,proficiencylevels,personalitiesandthelike.Theyhavealsokeptchanging.Forexample,studentsfromdevelopedareasmaylearnmoreefficientlyifweadoptnewtechnologies,likescreencasting,blogsandonlinefeedback,astheyaredigitalnativesthemselves.However,studentsfrompoorareasmaybenefitmorefromacombinationofmoreoldthannewtechnologiesaccordingtotheavailabilitiesofcomputersandinternetaccessintheirclassrooms.WhatwehavelearnedinNIEisamultitudeoftheoriesandmethods.Theefficiencyandusefulnessofthemdependsonhowandwhenweapplythem.Inourrealteaching,weshouldaimataharmoniousintegrationofthesetheoriesandmethodswithallsituationalvariablestakenintoaccount.Second,diversityandharmonyarealsovaluedinourresearching.Oneperfectexampleisinourresearchmethodsclass.Dr.HuGuangweiandDr.ShihChih-Min,ofdifferentpersonalitiesandteachingstyles,worktowardsourbetterunderstandingofbothquantitativeandqualitativestudiesandtheirassignmentscanbeintegratedintoonethroughtriangulation.英語(yǔ)原文

Personally,Ibelieve,theultimategoalofacademicresearchistoaccommodatedifferencesandcontributetoabetterunderstandingoftheworldthatwelivein.HereIwanttostressoneparticularthingthatIlearntfromDr.Hu.HeaskedmetwiceinhisfeedbacktomyliteraturereviewWhatisyourtakeonthis?Youneedtoletyourreadershearyourvoice.Afterthefirstterm,IrealizedhowlittleIknewaboutacademicresearchandwritingconventionsforacademicpapers.HereIlearnedhowtoquoteandhowtohedge.However,Iprobablywenttoanotherextreme.IwassocarefulabouteverystatementImadethatIlostmyownvoiceinmyquotes.Dr.HuhasinspiredmetoseekmyownvoiceandDr.DahlsandDr.Chandrascourseshaveequippedmewithwaysofmakingmyselfheard.SteveJobs,theApplefounderoncesaid,Dontbetrappedbydogmawhichislivingwiththeresultsofotherpeoplesthinking.Dontletthenoiseofothersopinionsdrownoutyourowninnervoice.Andmostimportantly,havethecouragetofollowyourheartandintuition.Theysomehowalreadyknowwhatyoutrulywanttobecome.Thisisalsomywishformyfellowclassmates.Bothinourlivesandinacademicresearch,ourvoiceandouruniquecontributionisofforemostimportance.Ihopeallofuscanbemoredaringandinnovativeintryingnewmethodsandstandingupforwhatwebelievein.Onbehalfofmyclassmates,IwouldliketotakeamomenttothankMOEforcoveringallofourbills,NIEadministrationforhavingdonetheirbesttohelpussettledownandELLdepartmentforofferingusmostusefulcourses.NoneofuswillbeheretodayifnotforourNIEprofessorsandlecturers.Theseextraordinarypeoplehaveinfluencedusincountlessways.Theyhonedourcriticalthinkingandanalyticalskills,theyinstilledteamspiritinusthroughgrouppresentations,theyenlightenedustodevelopourpotentialtothefullestandtheydevotedthemselvestobothoureducationalandspiritualneeds.Mostimportantly,theyhavesetthemselvesasperfectexamplesforthekindofteacherweallwishtobe.AspecialthanksgoestoDr.RamonaTang,whoisaGod-sentangelforusandwillalwaysbeoursister.Wealsothankourparentsandfamilies,thoughmostofthemareabsenttoday,fortheirunconditionalloveandsupport.Withoutallofyou,wewouldnthavegonesofar.Congratulations,201*PGDELTclass.Wevefinallymadeit.Wevecompletedourstudieshere.However,ouracademicjourneydoesnotendhereinNIE.Inhisfinalclass,Dr.DavidCaldwelltoldusabouthisexperienceofobtainingaPh.D.degreeandincidentally,aweekago,Dr.ShihsentusaletterencouragingustoplanearlyforourPh.D.studies.Sothereisstillalongwaytogo.Ourgraduationtodayisjustastopoverratherthanourdestination.Itiswhereweembarkonanewjourney.Onethingweshouldneverforgetisthatnomatterwhatstruggleisawaitingus,wearenotfightingalonebecausewehavesomanyexcellentNIEteachersonourside.Mostimportantly,35PGDELTstudents,weareafamily.Thankyou!漢語(yǔ)譯文

Day1Part2AnIntroductiontoChinatownOnthesurface,Chinatownisprosperous-a"modelslum,"somehavecalledit-withthelowestcrimerate,highestemploymentandleastjuveniledelinquencyofanycitydistrict.Walkthroughitscrowdedstreetsatanytimeofday,andeveryshopisdoingabriskandbusinessliketrade:restaurantafterrestaurantisbooming;therearestorefrontdisplaysofshinysquids,clawingcrabsandclamberinglobster;andstreetmarketsofferoverflowingpilesofexoticgreenvegetables,garlicandgingerroot.Chinatownhasthefeelofalandofplenty,andthereasonwhylieswiththeChinesethemselves:evenhere,intheverycoreofdowntownManhattan,theyhavebeencarefultopreservetheirownwayofdealingwiththings,preferringtokeepaffairsclosetothebondofthefamilyandallowingfewintrusionsintoastill-insularculture.TherehavebeenseveralconcessionstoWesterners-storefrontsignsnowofferEnglishtranslations,andHaagenDazsandBaskinRobbinsice-creamstoreshaveopenedonlowerMottStreet-buttheycan"thelpbutseemincongruous.TheonetimeoftheyearwhenChinatownburstsopenisduringtheChineseNewYearfestival,heldeachyearonthefirstfullmoonafterJanuary19,whenagiantdragonrunsdownMottStreettotheaccompanimentoffirecrackers,andtheguttersrunwithceremonialdyes.Beneaththeneighborhood"sblithelyprosperousfacade,however,thereisadarkerunderbelly.Sharppracticescontinuetoflourish,withtraditionalextortionandprotectionracketsstillinbusiness.Non-unionsweatshops-theirassemblylinesgrindingfromearlymorningtolateintotheevening-arestillvisitedbytheUSDepartmentofLabor,whocometoinvestigateworkers"testimoniesofbeingpaidbelowminimumwageforseventy-plus-hourworkweeks.LivingconditionsareabysmalforthepoorerChinese-mostlyrecentimmigrantsandtheelderly-whoresideinsmallroomsinovercrowdedtenementsill-keptbylandlords.Yet,becausethecommunityhasbeencloisteredforsolongandhasonlyjustbeguntoseekhelpfromcityofficialsforitsinternalproblems,youwon"tdetectanyhintofdifficultiesunlessyouresideinChinatownforaconsiderablelengthoftime.漢語(yǔ)譯文英語(yǔ)原文當(dāng)天翻譯過(guò)程分析或體會(huì)Day2100字以內(nèi)！

MEMORANDUMOFUNDERSTANDING(“MOU”)RE:PURCHASEOFNORWEGIANPAVILIONATTHESHANGHAIEXPOSITETheSeller:InnovationNorwayc/oNorwayatEXPO201*TheBuyer:Xi’anUniversityofArchitectureandTechnology(TheSellerandtheBuyerarehereinafterjointlyreferredtoasthe“Parties”)WHEREAS:1.InnovationNorwayc/oNorwayatEXPO201*(hereafterreferredtoasthe“Seller”)constructedtheNorwegianPavilionlocatedinC-10SectionintheShanghaiEXPOsite(hereinafterreferredtoasthe“Pavilion”)fortheWorldExpoShanghai201*(hereinafterreferredtoasthe“EXPO”);2.TheSellerhastheexclusivetitleoverthePavilion.TheSellerdoes,however,nothaveanyownershiptotheplotatwhichthePavilionissituated.AccordingtotherelevantagreementsthattheSellerenteredintowiththeShanghaiExpoauthority(hereafterreferredtoasthe“ExpoAuthority”),theSellerisobligatedtoremovethePavilionandcleartheplotafterclosureoftheEXPOinOctober201*;3.TheBuyeriswillingtopurchasetheentirePavilionfromtheSeller,andtheSelleriswillingtoselltheentirePaviliontotheBuyeronan“as-is”basis;4.Theterm“Pavilion”inthisMOUdoesnotincludeinstalledequipment.ShouldthePartiesagreetoafinalSaleandPurchaseContract(hereinafterreferredtoasthe“FinalContract”),theequipmentnotincludedinthesaleofthePavilionshallbeexplicitlylistedinthesaidFinalContract;NOWTHEREFORE,uponamicablediscussionsandbasedonmutualunderstanding,theSellerandtheBuyerhavepreliminarilyreachedthefollowingachievementandagreement,asframeworkforpurchaseandsalesofthePavilionbetweentheParties:1.PRICEANDPAYMENTTERMS1.1ThePurchasePricepayablebytheBuyerasconsiderationforthePavilionshallbeRMB___________,incapitalRenminbi____________(the“PurchasePrice”).BothPartiesunderstandthatthePurchasePriceisthenetamounttowhichtheSellerisentitled,i.a.anytaxesorfeesarisingfromthetransactionhereincontainedshallbeallbornebytheBuyer.1.2TheBuyershallpaytotheSellerthePurchasePriceinlump-sumwithin_____daysafterexecutionoftheFinalContract.1.3Fortheavoidanceofalldoubt,thePurchasePriceshallbetheconsiderationmerelyforthePavilionitself.Allworksrelatingtooroccurredfromthedismantlement,removal,transportationandreinstallationofthePaviliontotheBuyerssiteshallallbeaccountabletotheBuyersresponsibility.UpontheBuyersrequest,theSellermay,butshallnotbeobligatedto,providenecessaryandreasonableassistanceincommunicatingwiththeExpoAuthorityfortheBuyersdismantlementandtransportingofthePavilionoutoftheShanghaiExpoPark.2.DELIVERY2.1ThePavilionshallbedeliveredfromtheSellertotheBuyeron____________3

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(hereinafterreferredtoasthe“DeliveryDate”),whichcanbeadjustedinthesolediscretionoftheSellerinconsiderationofanyfactualchangesduringtheExpo,oranynewdecisionmadebytheExpoAuthorityandtheSeller.TheSellershallnotassumeanyliabilityforsuchearlyordelayeddelivery.2.2TheSellershallhandoverthePaviliononan“asis”basis.Therefore,theSellerisnotboundtoanyguaranteeand/orliabilityintermsofthequalityoranyspecialfunctioncontainedinthePavilionoranyofitsparts.2.3ThetitleandriskofthePavilionshallbedulytransferredfromtheSellertotheBuyerupontheDeliveryDate,butbeforetheBuyercommencesdismantlingofthePavilion.2.4Anylossesand/ordamagestowardsanythirdpartyincurredduringdismantling,removal,transportation,reinstallationoroperationofthePavilionaftertheDeliveryDate,shallbetransferredfromtheSellerto-,andshallbefullyborneby,theBuyer.TheBuyershallindemnifyandholdtheSellerharmlessfromsuchlossesordamagesarisingfromanyclaimand/oractioninitiatedbyanythirdpartyasconsequenceofthis.3.DISMENTLEMENT3.1TheBuyermayenterintoadirectcontractwithacontractorforthedismantlingandremovalofthePavilion.TheSellerhasnoresponsibilitiesandplaysnoroleinthisdirectcontractbetweentheBuyeranditscontractor.3.2AllobligationsandliabilitiesforwhichtheSellerisobligatedtowardstheExpoAuthorityintermsofthedismantlingandremovalofthePavilionandclearing-outtheplotbefore30April201*shallbetransferredfromtheSellerto-,andfullyborneby,theBuyer.TheBuyershallcarryoutthedismantlingandremovalworksandclear-outtheplotinaccordancewiththeSellersobligationstowardstheEXPOAuthority.TheSellerssuchobligationsshallbefullyelaboratedonintheFinalContract.Furthermore,theBuyershallindemnifytheSellerandholdtheSellerharmlessforanylossordamagethatmaybecausedtotheSellerbytheExpoAuthorityoranyotherpartyforanyclaimand/oractioninitiatedasaconsequenceoforrelatedtotheBuyersobligationsunderthisMOU.4.INTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTS4.1UponDeliveryDate,theBuyershallbeentitledtoreceivefromtheSellerallrelevantdrawingsanddocumentationrelatedtothePavilionthatisnecessaryfordismantlement,reinstallation,operationandmaintenanceofthePavilion,providedthatsuchdrawingsanddocumentationhavealsobeenhandedtotheSellerfromitscontractor(s),andprovidedthattheSellerisentitledtohandoversuchdocumentationanddrawingswithoutbreachinganythirdpartyrightstowardstheSeller.TheBuyerdoes,however,herebyacknowledgethatpurchasingofthePaviliononlygrantstheBuyerownershiptothephysicalPavilionitselfandtherightthereofshallthusnotincludetheintellectualpropertyrightscontainedinthePavilion,ifany.TheSellershallalwaysowntheexclusiveintellectualrightsoverthePavilion,includingbutnotlimitedtoanycopyright,patent,design,know-howetc.If,attheBuyersrequest,theSelleragreestoprovideanytechnicalsupporttotheBuyerduringthedismantlingandreinstallmentofthePavilion,suchinformationisconsidered“ConfidentialInformation”andremainsexclusiverightsoftheSeller.TheBuyershallnotdiscloseanysuchConfidentialInformationtoanythirdpartyorutilizetheinformationforanypurposeotherthanthedismantling,reinstallationandutilizationofthePavilion.

5.MISCELLANOUS5.1TheBuyerisawarethatakeyconcernfortheSelleristominimizecostsspentattheEXPO.DespitetheSellersenteringintoofthisMOU,Norwaythereforereservesitsrightstoreceiveoffers/bidsfromotherpotentialbuyersupuntilthesigningofafinalSaleandPurchaseContractbetweentheSellerandtheBuyer.TheBuyershallbeinformedandhavetherighttocounter-offersuchbidsbeforetheSellerentersintoanyagreementwithanotherbuyer.5.2ThevalidityandeffectivenessofthisMOUissubjecttoapprovalbybothPartiesboardofdirectors.WhetherthisMOUiscarriedoutandwhetherthePavilionisactuallytransferredfromtheSellertotheBuyerisfurtherfullysubjecttoagreementbetweenthePartiesonthedetailedtermsoftheFinalContract.ShouldsuchagreementnotbeachievedinaFinalContract,thePartiesshallcarrynoresponsibilityorliabilitytowardseachother.5.3TheBuyeracknowledgesthatitisofvitalimportancefortheSellerandNorwayhowthePavilionisperceivedamongitsvisitorsalsoaftertheclosureoftheEXPO.TheBuyeristhereforeobligatedtoutilizethePavilionsolelyforoffice-,meeting-and/orexhibitionpurposes.TheBuyerisfurtherobligatedtodiligentlymaintainthePavilionandkeepitinfirst-class,Norwegianqualitycondition.ShouldtheBuyerfailtoperformitsobligationsunderthisSub-Clause5.3,andshouldthisbreachnotberectifiedone(1)monthafterreceivingwrittennotificationfromtheSeller,theSellershallupuntilfive(5)yearsafterDeliveryDatebeentitledtoterminatethisMOUandtheFinalContractandclaimrestitutionofallperformedobligationsunderthisMOUandtheFinalContract.Incaseofsuchbreach,theBuyershallalsobeliableforanylosscausedtotheSellerasaconsequenceofthebreach.5.4ThisMOUandtheFinalContractshallbegovernedbyandinterpretedinaccordancewithNorwegianLaw,includingNorwegianrulesconcerningconflictoflaws.5.5InalldisputesarisingfromorrelatedtothisMOUandtheFinalContract,thePartiesshallfirstseektoresolvethedisputeamicably.Ifthedisputecannotbesettledamicably,thedisputeshallbefinallydecidedbyarbitrationaccordingtotheNorwegianArbitrationActof14May201*no.25.TheplaceforthearbitrationshallbeOsloandthelanguageforalldocumentationandproceedingsrelatedtothearbitrationshallbeEnglish.Thedispute,thearbitrationproceedingsandthearbitralawardshallbeconfidential.6.SIGNATURESForandonbehalfofInnovationNorwayc/oNorwayatEXPO201*Name:Position:Date:ForandonbehalfofName:Position:PresidentofXianUniversityofArchitectureandTechnology

Date:3rd.Sep,201*漢語(yǔ)譯文當(dāng)天翻譯過(guò)程分析或體會(huì)100字以內(nèi)！Day3TheSilenceoftheLambs(1991)Afundamentaldifferencebetween"TheSilenceoftheLambs"anditssequel,"Hannibal,"isthattheformerisfrightening,involvinganddisturbing,whilethelatterismerelydisturbing.Itiseasyenoughtoconstructageekshowifyoustartwithacannibal.Thesecretof"Silence"isthatitdoesn"tstartwiththecannibal--itarrivesathim,throughtheeyesandmindsofayoungwoman."SilenceoftheLambs"isthestoryofClariceStarling,theFBItraineeplayedbyJodieFoster,andthestoryfollowsherwithoutsubstantialinterruption.Dr.HannibalLecterlurksattheheartofthestory,amalevolentbutsomehowlikablepresence--likablebecausehelikesClarice,andhelpsher.ButLecter,asplayedbyAnthonyHopkins,isthesideshow,andClariceisinthecenterring.ThepopularityofJonathanDemme"smovieislikelytolastaslongasthereisamarketforbeingscared.Like"Nosferatu,""Psycho"and"Halloween,"itillustratesthatthebestthrillersdon"tage.Fearisauniversalemotionandatimelessone.But"SilenceoftheLambs"isnotmerelyathrillshow.Itisalsoabouttwoofthemostmemorablecharactersinmoviehistory,ClariceStarlingandHannibalLecter,andtheirstrange,strainedrelationship("peoplewillsaywe"reinlove,"Lectercackles).Theysharesomuch.Bothareostracizedbytheworldstheywanttoinhabit--Lecter,bythehumanracebecauseheisaserialkillerandacannibal,andClarice,bythelawenforcementprofessionbecausesheisawoman.Bothfeelpowerless--Lecterbecauseheislockedinamaximumsecurityprison(andboundandgaggedlikeKingKongwhenheismoved),andClaricebecausesheissurroundedbymenwhotoweroverherandfondleherwiththeireyes.Bothusetheirpowersofpersuasiontoescapefromtheirtraps--Lecterisabletoridhimselfofthepestinthenextcellbytalkinghimintochokingonhisowntongue,andClariceisabletopersuadeLectertoaidherinthesearchfortheserialkillernamedBuffaloBill.Andbothsharesimilarchildhoodwounds.LecteristouchedwhenhelearnsthatClaricelostbothherparentsatanearlyage,wasshippedofftorelatives,wasessentiallyanunlovedorphan.AndLecterhimselfwasavictimofchildabuse(ontheDVDcommentarytrack,6

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Demmesaysheregretsnotunderliningthismore).Theseparallelthemesaremirroredbypatternsinthevisualstrategy.NotethatbothLecterinhisprisoncellandBuffaloBillinhisbasementarearrivedatbyStarlingafterdescendingseveralflightsofstairsandpassingthroughseveraldoors;theyliveinunderworlds.NotethewaythemoviealwaysseemstobelookingatClarice:Thepoint-of-viewcameratakestheplaceofthescrutinizingmeninherlife,andwhensheentersdangerousspaces,itistherewaitingforherinsteadoffollowingherin.Notetheconsistentuseofred,whiteandblue:notonlyintheFBIscenes,butalsointheflagdrapedoverthecarinthestorageshed,otherflagsinBill"slairandeventhegraduationcakeattheend(wheretheU.S.eagleinthefrostingisaghastlyreminderofthewayLecterpinnedasecurityguardspread-eagledtothewallsofhiscage).Themovie"ssoundtrackalsocarriesthemesallthewaythrough.Thereareexhalationsandsighsatmanypoints,aswhenthecocoonofthegypsymothistakenfromthethroatofBill"sfirstvictim.Muchheavybreathing.Therearesubterraneanrumblingsandfarawaycriesandlaments,almosttoolowtobeheard,atcriticalpoints.Thereisthesoundofaheartmonitor.HowardShore"smournfulmusicsetsafunerealtone.Whenthesoundtrackwantstocreateterror,aswhenClariceisinBill"sbasement,itmixesherfrightenedpantingwiththesoundofBill"sheavybreathingandthescreamsofthecaptivegirl--andthenaddsthedog"sfrenziedbarking,whichpsychologicallyworksatadeeperlevelthaneverythingelse.Thenitaddsthosegreengogglessohecanseeherinthedark.JodieFosterandAnthonyHopkinswonOscarsforbestactressandactor(themoviealsowonforbestpicture,forDemme"sdirectionandTedTalley"sscreenplay,andwasnominatedforeditingandsound).ItisremarkablethattheAcademywouldremember,letalonesingleout,afilmreleased13monthsbeforetheOscarcast;itusuallyvotesforfilmsthatarestillintheaters,ornewonvideo.But"Silence"wassoclearlyoneofakindthatitcouldnotbeignored.Hopkins"performancehasmuchlessscreentimethanFoster"s,butmadeanindelibleimpressiononaudiences.His"entrance"isunforgettable.AfterClaricedescendsthosestairsandpassesthroughthosedoorsandgates(whichallsqueak),thecamerashowsherPOVasshefirstseesLecterinhiscell.Heisso...still.Standingerect,atrelaxedattention,inhisprisonjumpsuit,helookslikeawaxworkofhimself.Onhernextvisit,heiserect,andthenveryslightlyrecoils,andthenopenshismouth,andIatleastwasmadetothinkofacobra.HisapproachtoLecter"spersonality(Hopkinssaysonhiscommentarytrack)wasinspiredbyHAL9000in"201*":Heisadispassionate,brilliantmachine,superbatlogic,deficientinemotions.Foster"sClariceisnotonlyanorphanbutadisadvantagedbackwoodsgirlwhohasworkedhardtogetwheresheis,andhaslessself-confidencethanshepretends.NoticingthenailpolishononeofBills"victims,sheguessesthatthegirlisfrom"town,"awordusedonlybysomeonewhoisnot.Herbravestmomentmaycomewhensheordersthegawkingsheriff"sdeputiesoutoftheroomatthefuneralhome("Listenherenow!").Onekeytothefilm"sappealisthataudienceslikeHannibalLecter.That"spartlybecausehelikesStarling,andwesensehewouldnothurther.It"salsobecauseheishelpinghersearchforBuffaloBill,andsavetheimprisonedgirl.ButitmayalsobebecauseHopkins,inastill,slyway,bringssuchwitandstyletothecharacter.Hemaybeacannibal,butasadinnerpartyguesthewouldgivevalueformoney(ifhedidn"teatyou).Hedoesnotbore,he

likestoamuse,hehashisstandards,andheisthesmartestpersoninthemovie.Hebearscomparison,indeed,withsuchothermoviemonstersasNosferatu,Frankenstein(especiallyin"BrideofFrankenstein"),KingKongandNormanBates.Theyhavetwothingsincommon:Theybehaveaccordingtotheirnatures,andtheyaremisunderstood.Nothingthatthesemonstersdois"evil"inanyconventionalmoralsense,becausetheylackanymoralsense.Theyarehard-wiredtodowhattheydo.Theyhavenochoice.Intheareaswheretheydohavechoice,theytrytodotherightthing(Nosferatuistheexceptioninthatheneverhasachoice).KongwantstorescueFayWray,NormanBateswantstomakepleasantchit-chatanddohismother"sbidding,andDr.LecterhelpsClaricebecauseshedoesnotinsulthisintelligence,andshearouseshisaffection.Allofthesequalitiesmightnotbeenoughtoassurethelongevityof"Silence"ifitwerenotalsotrulyfrightening("Hannibal"isnotfrightening,andforallofitsbox-officesuccessitwillhavealimitedshelflife)."Silence"isfrighteningfirstinthebuildupandintroductionofHannibalLecter.Secondinthediscoveryandextractionofthecocooninthethroat.Thirdinthescenewherethecopsawaitthearrivaloftheelevatorfromtheupperfloors.FourthintheintercuttingbetweentheexteriorsofthewronghouseinCalumetCityandtheinteriorsoftherightoneinBelvedere,Ohio.FifthintheextendedsequenceinsideBuffaloBill"shouse,whereTedLevinecreatesagenuinelyloathsomepsychopath(noticethetimingasStarlingsizeshimupandreadsthesituationbeforesheshouts"Freeze!").Wearefrightenedbothbecauseofthefilm"sclevermanipulationofstoryandimage,andforbetterreasons--welikeClarice,identifywithherandfearforher.JustlikeLecter.漢語(yǔ)譯文當(dāng)天翻譯過(guò)程分析或體會(huì)100字以內(nèi)！Day4Part1TheChineseGettheVote,ifOnlyfor"SuperGirl"ByJIMYARDLEYBEIJINGCHINA"Srunawaysummerhit,"SuperGirl,"endedlastweekendwithatelevisionviewershipthateclipsedthepopulationofNorthAmerica.Statenewsmediareportedthatmorethan400millionpeoplewatchedthefinaleoftheshow,an"AmericanIdol"knockoff,andsawafrizzy-hairedmusicstudentfromSichuanProvinceselectedasthewinner.8

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Butitwashowthatwinner,LiYuchun,wasselectedthathastransformed"SuperGirl"fromjustanotherevanescentofferingonChina"spopculturemenuintoapotentiallylastingpoliticalmarker.UnlikeChina"sleader,HuJintao,Ms.Liwaspopularlyelected.Fansvotedviatextmessage,andthethreefinalistsdrewmorethaneightmillionvotes,afigurethatwouldhavebeenfarhigherexceptthatpeoplehadtopaytovote.TheenormouspublicfascinationwiththeindependentlyproducedshowhasstimulatedanationwideonlinediscussiononissuesrangingfromdemocracytostandardsofbeautytowhetherMs.Liisalesbian.Inacountrywhereitisillegaltoorganizemanytypesofpublicmeetings,fansformedboosterclubsandcanvassedmallstocourtprospectivevoters.Therewereevenaccusationsofvoterfraud,asrabidfanscircumventedtherulelimitingeachpersonto15votes."It"slikeagiganticgamethathassweptsomanypeopleintoaeuphoriaofvoting,whichisatestamenttoasocietyopeningup,"asocialcommentator,ZhuDake,toldstatemedia.NooneissayingthatthefrenzysurroundingtheshowrepresentsathreattotherulingCommunistPartyorforeshadowstheemergenceofmeaningfulelectivepoliticsinChina.Butthedegreetowhichtheshowresonatedwithpeopleseemstohaveunsettledthegovernment"spropagandaleaders.Thereisalreadyspeculationitwillbecancelednextyear.Indeed,theshowissignificantnotsimplybecausepeoplewereallowedtovoteforthewinnerbutalsobecauseofthewinnertheyvotedfor.Ms.Li,21,isalmosttheantithesisoftheassembly-linebeautiesregularlyoffereduponthegovernment"sChinaCentralTelevision,orCCTV.Tallandgangly,withathatchoffrizzyhair,theadjectivesmostusedtodescribeherinthemediawere"boyish"or"androgynous."Somecommentatorsspeculatedthatherfanbaseconsistedofyounggirlswhoconsideredhertobetheir"boyfriend"becauseofherappearance."Ihavenosuchfeelings,"shetoldoneinterviewer."Thatistheirchoice.Iamanindependentperson."WangYao,24,agraduatestudentinBeijing,watchedthefinalswithagroupoffemalefriends.SheknewthegossipaboutMs.Libutwasmoreimpressedwithherconfidenceandstagepresence.ShealsothoughtMs.Liwouldneverhavebeenabletowinasimilarcontestonstatetelevisionbecauseofherunorthodoxappearanceandmanner."Thistimeitdependedtotallyontext-messagevoting,"Ms.Wangsaid."That"swhyIthinktheresultsaretotallydifferent."TheprogramwasproducedbyadaringsatellitetelevisionstationinHunanProvince,insouthernChina,andsponsoredbyadairycompany.Hence,thefulltitleoftheshow:"TheMongolianCowSourYogurtSuperGirlContest."Severalmonthsago,morethan120,000contestantsauditionedinfivedifferentcitiesinaweek-after-weekeliminationprocessthatgrewinpopularityasthefieldwaswhittleddown.UnlikemuchprogrammingthatcomesoutofBeijingorShanghai,"SuperGirl"featuredyoungwomenfromtheprovinces.Formanyfans,itwasthelackofpolishoftheperformers,andthelackofpredictabilityofthevotingresults,thatmadetheprogramaddictive.Ratingssteadilygrewuntilthefinalepisode,whichthestatemediasaiddrewmoreviewersthanthegovernment"sperennialblockbustervarietyshowatthebeginningofeachNewYearcelebration.Thepopularityoftheshowalsomadeitadiscussionpointforintellectuals,withopinion

dividedonwhetheritsignaledhowmuchcloserChinahadcometodemocracyormerelyreinforcedhowfarithadtogo.OthercommentatorsweremoreconcernedthattheprogramsignaledthefurthererosionoftraditionalChineseculture.Recently,perhapsjealousofthehighratings,perhapssimplycarryingoutordersfromabove,CCTVheldaforumthatcriticizedtheshowfordebasingChineseculture.Inasignthatperhapsproducerswantedtodeflectthepoliticalpressure,thefinalshowwastoneddownandincludedsometraditionalacts.Evenso,afterthefinale,thegovernment"sofficialEnglish-languagenewspaper,ChinaDaily,acknowledgedthedebateinspiredbytheshowandalsotartlyasked:"Howcomeanimitationofademocraticsystemendsupselectingthesingerwhohastheleastabilitytocarryatune?"Ms.LiandotherfinalistsarescheduledtoreleaseaCDsoon.Tryoutsfornextyear"sshowaretobegininafewmonths,assuming"SuperGirl"isnotcanceled.Butthereisgoodreasontothinkthatit,orsometypeofimitator,willbeontheairwavesagainforthesimplereasonthattheprogramreportedlymadegobsofmoney.漢語(yǔ)譯文Day4Part2OnPostgraduateEnrollmentReform:PostgraduateEntrance-examinationCheatingPerspectiveAbstract:Currentlyitiscommonlyseenthatcheatingactivitiesprevailinthepostgraduateentranceexaminationwithincreasingcooperation,hi-techinvolvementanduniversalexistence,subjectivereasonsforwhicharetheutilitarianpurposeandblindly-followingpsychologyoftheindividualcandidates,andthelossofintegrity-and-honestymechanismandsoon;andexternalreasons(alsoknownasinstitutionalones)forwhichcanbefoundintheexcessiveincreaseinenrollment,imperfectionofexaminationregulations,improperdesignofexaminationpapersanddeficiencyofexaminationlaws/rules,etc.,resultinginprevailingcheatingactivitiesandconstantlyimprovedmeans.Inthisthesis,theauthormakesananalysisoftheseinstitutionalreasons,aimingatbanningthebreedingandspreadofcheatingwiththepracticeofproposedpostgraduateenrollmentreform,adaptationofexam-paperstructureandemploymentoftwo-stagequalificationexamination,etc.Keywords:postgraduateexamination,enrollmentexamination,cheating,institutionalreform英語(yǔ)原文

漢語(yǔ)譯文當(dāng)天翻譯過(guò)程分析或體會(huì)100字以內(nèi)！Day5PROCESSESANDOUTCOMESINNETWORKEDCLASSROOMINTERACTION:DEFININGTHERESEARCHAGENDAFORL2COMPUTER-ASSISTEDCLASSROOMDISCUSSIONLourdesOrtegaUniversityofHawai"iatManoaABSTRACTThepresentpaperfocusesontheuseofonenetworkedtechnology,namelysynchronouscomputer-mediatedinteraction,inthesecondlanguage(L2)classroom.Thescopeisintentionallylimitedtoresearchconcernedwithevaluatingthepotentialbenefitsofcomputer-assistedclassroomdiscussion(CACD)intermsofsecondlanguageacquisition(SLA)theory.ThefindingsstemmingfromtheexistingbodyofL2researchonCACDarecriticallyexaminedandanumberofmethodologicalsuggestionsareofferedforfutureresearchonCACD.Itissuggestedthatinadditiontoanalyzinglanguageoutcomesbymeansofwell-motivatedmeasuresofL2useandL2acquisition,amultiplicityofdatasourcesbeusedinCACDresearch,soastobeabletodocumenttheprocesseslearnersactuallyengageinwheninterpretingandcarryingoutCACDtasks.Aprocess-andtask-drivenresearchagendaforL2CACDisproposedwiththeultimategoalofdescribingthenatureoflanguage,learning,andinteractionfosteredinnetworkedsynchronouscommunicationandtoascertainwhichfeaturesofCACDmayormaynotberelevanttotheprocessesinvolvedinsecondlanguageacquisition.Computer-MediatedDiscussionintheLanguageClassroomTheuseofnetworkedcomputersforthepurposeoflargegroupdiscussionsinlanguageeducationalcontextsbeganwithhearingimpairedstudentslearningL1compositionatGallaudetUniversity(Batson,1988).Thesoftwareapplicationforcomputer-assistedclassroomdiscussion(CACD)whichismostwidelyusedinforeignlanguageclassroomsistheDaedalusIntegratedWritingEnvironment(DaedalusInc.,1989)anditsapplicationInterChange.Thissoftwarewasdevelopedinthe1980sintheEnglishDepartmentattheUniversityofTexasatAustinbyFredKemp,ascholarincompositionstudies,and11

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colleagues.SocialtheoriesofwritinginstructionthatemphasizethecollaborativenatureofmeaningandwritingwereatthecoreoftheDaedalussoftwareasitwasintendedtobeusedincompositionclasses(seeBarker&Kemp,1990;andforadiscussionoftheconcomitantsocialepistemictheoryofwriting,seeBerlin,1987).Inforeignlanguageclasses,DaedalusbegantobeusedalsointheUniversityofTexasatAustinintheearly1990s,buttheorientationwasmoreontarget-languagepracticethanonthedevelopmentofwritingskills.Inthelastsixyears,asmallnumberofFLstudies(andmostrecentlyESLstudies)havereportedontheuseofInterChange/DaedalusinCACDinvariousFLclassesinuniversitiesintheUnitedStates,typicallyforgeneralclassroomdiscussionpurposesratherthaninconnectionwithL2writinginstruction.HowdoesCACDwork?DuringatypicalDaedalus/InterChangesessioninthecomputerlab,eachstudentsitsinfrontofacomputerterminalandisfreetotypeinmessagesthatcanbesentbyclickingonthe"send"buttononthescreen.Sentmessagesappearontheupperhalfofallindividualscreens,displayedintheorderinwhichtheyweresentandautomaticallyidentifiedwiththenameofthesender.Allclassmemberscanreadeachother"scommentsattheirownpacebyscrollingupanddownthesent-messageswindow,andtheycanwritemessagesattheirownleisurewithoutinterferingeffects(freezing,etc.)fromincomingmessages.AmongthemanydifferenttypesofCALLactivitiesavailableforsecondlanguageinstruction,CACDstandsasapromisingareaforresearchinsecondlanguagelearningandteachingforseveralreasons.Forone,conductingclassdiscussionsonacomputernetworkentailsmeaningfuluseofthetargetlanguageandforcesteachersandstudentsawayfromtreatinglanguageasanobjectratherthanasamediumofcommunication(e.g.,Colomb&Simutis,1996).NotonlyisCACDacommunicativeCALLactivityinUnderwood"s(1984)sense,butitcanpromoteatask-andinteraction-drivenapproachtoL2learningandteachingwhichisthebackdroptoconcreteproposalsforcurriculumdesignsupersedingtraditionalcommunicativeapproaches(e.g.,analyticandTypeBsyllabiasoutlinedinWilkins,1976,andWhite,1988,respectively;seealsodetaileddiscussionofprocedural,process,andtasksyllabiinLong&Crookes,1993).ThecommunicativeinvestmentandthemeaningfulnessandrelevanceachievedinmanyCACDdiscussionsappeartoprovideforacontextinwhichopportunitiesforlanguagedevelopmentareenhanced,sincestudentsaremotivatedtostretchtheirlinguisticresourcesinordertomeetthedemandsofrealcommunicationinasocialcontext.Inbrief,theCACDenvironmentappearstobeoptimalfordevisingCALLactivitiesthatfacilitateandpromotecomprehensibleoutput(Swain,1985)withinaholistic,process-andtask-orientedapproachtotheL2curriculum(Long&Crookes,1993).OtherbenefitsofCACDassociatedwithlanguagelearningthathavebeenrepeatedlysingledoutintheFLliteratureare:Learnersareabletocontributeasmuchastheywantattheirownpaceandleisure;consequently,theytendtoperceiveCACDaslessthreateningandinhibitingthanoralinteractionsandproduceahighamountofwriting,withallstudentsparticipatingtoahighdegreeandallproducingseveralturns/messagespersession.Becauseoftheinteractivenatureofthewriting,learnersareexpectedtoengageinavarietyofinteractivemovesonthecomputerandtotakecontrolofmanagingthediscussion.Learnersmakeuseoftheavailableopportunitytotaketimetoplantheirmessagesand

editthem.InthiswaytheyengageinproductiveL2strategiesandprocesses.漢語(yǔ)譯文當(dāng)天翻譯過(guò)程分析或體會(huì)100字以內(nèi)！Day6**學(xué)院續(xù)聘英語(yǔ)外教的合同**學(xué)院（甲方）欲聘請(qǐng)美國(guó)人理查德.布魯克(Mr.RichardBourke)（乙方）,護(hù)照號(hào)：404653028，為外語(yǔ)系的英語(yǔ)教師。經(jīng)雙方協(xié)商，達(dá)成以下協(xié)議：一、甲方保證：1、在校園內(nèi)提供一套免費(fèi)住房，配有必要的生活設(shè)施，如：廚房（含廚具）、浴室、冰箱、洗衣機(jī)、電視、和微機(jī)，打印機(jī)，免費(fèi)寬帶上網(wǎng),并及時(shí)更新電腦軟件，電話（費(fèi)用自理），每月補(bǔ)助水電費(fèi)最多不超過(guò)150元。2、乙方授課時(shí)數(shù)20學(xué)時(shí)/周每月需完成80學(xué)時(shí)工作量。如果乙方每月未能完成規(guī)定的課時(shí)，甲方可安排諸如教師培訓(xùn)等工作，乙方要服從工作安排，開學(xué)初、假期前課時(shí)微調(diào)，課時(shí)不超過(guò)每月要求完成的總時(shí)數(shù)。3、合同期滿時(shí)甲方提供中國(guó)**---美國(guó)北卡迪那飛機(jī)票，或支付人民幣現(xiàn)金5000元作異地交通補(bǔ)貼。4、購(gòu)買與中方員工一樣的平安保險(xiǎn)，如遇特殊疾病影響教學(xué)，病假超過(guò)三周以上，甲方有權(quán)單方解除合同。對(duì)家庭成員不承擔(dān)任何責(zé)任。5、課前提供教材和必要的教學(xué)資料。6、每月提供免稅的6000元月薪，每月10日為發(fā)薪日。如乙方承擔(dān)的課時(shí)超過(guò)合同規(guī)定的學(xué)時(shí)，付給經(jīng)雙方同意的超課時(shí)講課費(fèi)，即80元/學(xué)時(shí)，超課時(shí)講課費(fèi)學(xué)期末根據(jù)每月完成的課時(shí)總量核準(zhǔn)。假期帶薪。7、工作一學(xué)年，提供國(guó)內(nèi)旅游補(bǔ)貼費(fèi)201*元人民幣，不滿一年，補(bǔ)貼按實(shí)際工作的月份支付。8、上課班級(jí)學(xué)生數(shù)在50名左右。9、如果乙方兩次教學(xué)評(píng)估不合格，甲方有權(quán)單方解除合同；如果乙方連續(xù)違反合同，如遲到、早退和缺課等，甲方有權(quán)單方解除合同。10、合同生效后，甲方有權(quán)根據(jù)乙方的能力、合作意愿和教學(xué)質(zhì)量來(lái)調(diào)整授課班級(jí)13

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教學(xué)計(jì)劃和時(shí)數(shù)以及合作的延續(xù)。乙方全力支持甲方工作，如果乙方不服從甲方工作安排，甲方有權(quán)單方解除合同，但不承擔(dān)任何違約責(zé)任。11、負(fù)擔(dān)乙方在中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)簽證延期費(fèi)用。二、乙方保證：1、每周完成20學(xué)時(shí)的教學(xué)任務(wù)，主要教授英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)，包括期末出題、評(píng)卷。如不能完成規(guī)定課時(shí)，可將剩余課時(shí)用于教師教學(xué)研討和培訓(xùn)，積極承擔(dān)額外教學(xué)任務(wù)，尤其當(dāng)其他外教生病時(shí)主動(dòng)為其承擔(dān)教學(xué)任務(wù)。2、參加學(xué)生組織的“英語(yǔ)角”等課外活動(dòng)等，遵守學(xué)院及系內(nèi)規(guī)定，如有違反愿與中方職工一樣接受處分。3、愛護(hù)房間內(nèi)的一切公共物品，如有意損壞，與中方職工一樣按價(jià)賠償，如過(guò)失損壞就不用賠償。4、工作期間，嚴(yán)禁請(qǐng)假，特殊原因除外（疾病、意外傷害等），請(qǐng)假期間，其他教師承擔(dān)教學(xué)的講課費(fèi)從乙方工資中扣除。另外，家庭成員的來(lái)往過(guò)境費(fèi)用自理。5、乙方必須遵守中華人民共和國(guó)的有關(guān)法律、法規(guī)以及甲方的有關(guān)規(guī)章制度，遵守中國(guó)關(guān)于外事活動(dòng)的一切規(guī)定。6、無(wú)甲方許可，不可做兼職工作，如有違反，承擔(dān)違約責(zé)任。7、合同期滿前60天以書面形式通知甲方是否續(xù)約。8、積極參與甲方對(duì)乙方的教學(xué)評(píng)估。9、禁止向甲方提供錯(cuò)誤信息，如個(gè)人健康，學(xué)歷證書等。如乙方提供錯(cuò)誤信息，則因乙方提供錯(cuò)誤信息產(chǎn)生的法律后果及給甲方造成的損失均由乙方承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任。三、雙方保證：1、共同遵守本合同內(nèi)的一切款項(xiàng)，不得隨意違背。2、如有爭(zhēng)議，雙方應(yīng)本著友好合作的原則，協(xié)商解決，如無(wú)法解決，可訴諸法律。3、在合同有效期內(nèi)，雙方不得隨意解除合同，如甲方非因法定或約定的原因解除合同，須向乙方支付違約金10000元人民幣；如乙方無(wú)故解除合同，須向甲方支付違約金10000元人民幣。4、甲方為乙方辦理工作證。四、本合同有效期自201*年1月1日起，至201*年12月31日止。甲方代表簽字：日期：乙方簽字：日期：英語(yǔ)譯文

當(dāng)天翻譯過(guò)程分析或體會(huì)100字以內(nèi)！Day7Part1牡丹江簡(jiǎn)介牡丹江是一座歷史積淀非常厚重的城市，是滿族發(fā)祥地之一，造就了鶯歌嶺文化、唐代渤海文化、清代寧古塔流人文化、“闖關(guān)東”文化、抗聯(lián)文化、北大荒文化以及火山文化、口岸文化等多種文化傳承交融，不同的風(fēng)土人情造就了牡丹江獨(dú)特的民風(fēng)民俗，使牡丹江成為開放度高、包容度高、思想比較活躍和開放的地區(qū)，鑄就了“求實(shí)創(chuàng)新、跨越爭(zhēng)先”的城市品格。牡丹江景色天成，是一個(gè)風(fēng)光秀麗的旅游城市。位于北溫帶中部，屬溫帶大陸季風(fēng)氣候，半濕潤(rùn)地區(qū)。地處盆地，四面環(huán)山，四季分明。冬可玩雪、夏可避暑、秋可觀山、春可采摘。牡丹江有世界第一大高山堰塞湖鏡泊湖，以及中國(guó)雪鄉(xiāng)、唐代渤海國(guó)遺址等景區(qū)景點(diǎn)450多處，是國(guó)家級(jí)旅游城市。漢語(yǔ)原文英語(yǔ)譯文Day7Part2陜南災(zāi)后綠色鄉(xiāng)村社區(qū)營(yíng)建策略研究國(guó)家十一五科技支撐計(jì)劃重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目“地震后災(zāi)區(qū)新農(nóng)村建設(shè)技術(shù)集成與示范”項(xiàng)目編號(hào)：201*BAK51B04王*1靳**21**大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院教授、博導(dǎo)2**大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院講師、在讀博士摘要：“5.12”特大地震后，陜西省南部受到嚴(yán)重的破壞，尤其是寧強(qiáng)縣和略陽(yáng)縣，災(zāi)后重建任務(wù)十分艱巨。面對(duì)社會(huì)各界的支援，災(zāi)區(qū)新農(nóng)村建設(shè)呈現(xiàn)出前所未有的機(jī)遇，但如何在災(zāi)后全方位的營(yíng)建綠色社區(qū)，并充分體現(xiàn)地域特色，也是一次嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)。災(zāi)后重建，要求我們不僅僅考慮房屋建筑等硬件實(shí)施的營(yíng)建，還應(yīng)統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃考慮農(nóng)村主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)的生產(chǎn)恢復(fù)與技術(shù)提升，更新產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，以及建設(shè)新的循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)模式。為此結(jié)合項(xiàng)目的實(shí)施，我們特提出應(yīng)結(jié)合該地區(qū)地域特點(diǎn)、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和農(nóng)村社會(huì)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r，從農(nóng)村社區(qū)規(guī)劃及建設(shè)發(fā)展模式開發(fā)與示范等方面營(yíng)建綠色鄉(xiāng)村社區(qū)。關(guān)鍵詞：災(zāi)后重建新農(nóng)村綠色鄉(xiāng)村營(yíng)建策略1引言15

漢語(yǔ)原文

201*年5月12日14時(shí)28分04秒，四川省汶川縣發(fā)生8.0級(jí)特大地震。這次地震，是新中國(guó)成立以來(lái)破壞性最強(qiáng)、波及范圍最廣、救災(zāi)難度最大的一次地震，波及四川、甘肅、陜西、重慶等16個(gè)省區(qū)市。災(zāi)后重建任務(wù)十分艱巨，黨和政府高度重視，國(guó)家科技部及時(shí)推出“國(guó)家十一五科技支撐計(jì)劃重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目”“地震后災(zāi)區(qū)新農(nóng)村建設(shè)技術(shù)集成與示范”，由西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)主持，聯(lián)合西安建筑科技大學(xué)、同濟(jì)大學(xué)等單位，在陜西受災(zāi)嚴(yán)重的寧強(qiáng)縣廣坪鎮(zhèn)駱家嘴村建立示范點(diǎn)，開展“陜南災(zāi)后綠色鄉(xiāng)村社區(qū)建設(shè)技術(shù)集成與示范”的研究。課題組歷經(jīng)多次調(diào)研、踏勘、測(cè)繪、規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)驗(yàn)、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)施工、經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)等大量工作，針對(duì)如何在災(zāi)后營(yíng)建綠色社區(qū)提出相應(yīng)營(yíng)建策略，以供探討。2機(jī)遇與挑戰(zhàn)災(zāi)后社區(qū)營(yíng)建陜西省寧強(qiáng)縣位于陜西省西南角，全縣總面積3246.8平方公里，常用耕地面積31萬(wàn)畝，總?cè)丝?3.96萬(wàn)人，屬中低山區(qū)縣。此次大地震，寧強(qiáng)縣26個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)普遍受災(zāi)，其中，寧強(qiáng)縣內(nèi)臨近四川的廣坪、青木川、毛壩河、禪家?guī)r、二郎壩等鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)災(zāi)情十分嚴(yán)重。位于寧強(qiáng)縣西南角廣坪鎮(zhèn)的駱家嘴村則為受災(zāi)最為嚴(yán)重的村落，該村境內(nèi)丘陵起伏，村域面積38.6平方公里，其中森林面積1863公頃，耕地面積1110畝。全村轄10個(gè)村民小組387戶1490人。該村百分之九十以上的房屋在此次地震中受損，電力、水利、交通等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施嚴(yán)重?fù)p毀。由于當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)相對(duì)落后，震后更是雪上加霜，很難再有經(jīng)濟(jì)能力重建自己的家園。雖然土坯房大多數(shù)毀壞，但是可以看出是由于當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民建造技術(shù)的原因，屋頂雖然已經(jīng)嚴(yán)重毀壞，但是墻體仍保持完好，因此這種原始生態(tài)的建筑材料在災(zāi)后重建中應(yīng)重點(diǎn)考慮。（如圖1、2）圖1寧強(qiáng)縣廣坪鎮(zhèn)駱家嘴村震后民居圖2寧強(qiáng)縣廣坪鎮(zhèn)駱家嘴村震后民居特大地震災(zāi)害之后，恢復(fù)重建的重點(diǎn)在農(nóng)村，難點(diǎn)也在農(nóng)村。地震后，災(zāi)區(qū)農(nóng)村建設(shè)是我們面臨的一個(gè)新課題、新挑戰(zhàn)。震后，國(guó)家及各級(jí)政府十分重視，積極投入大量人力、物力、財(cái)力到災(zāi)區(qū)建設(shè)中，這為陜南災(zāi)后鄉(xiāng)村建設(shè)帶來(lái)了良好的機(jī)遇，但由于災(zāi)區(qū)農(nóng)村大多數(shù)分布在山區(qū)，該地區(qū)原有基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施差，技術(shù)落后，面對(duì)前所未有的災(zāi)后恢復(fù)重建任務(wù)，如何通過(guò)災(zāi)后重建真正做到讓農(nóng)村繁榮、讓農(nóng)民受益、讓我國(guó)村鎮(zhèn)建設(shè)走向可持續(xù)發(fā)展道路也是我們面臨的課題與挑戰(zhàn)。災(zāi)后重建任務(wù)艱巨復(fù)雜，涉及當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的方方面面，必須統(tǒng)籌兼顧，科學(xué)規(guī)劃。不僅要安排好人類活動(dòng)空間，還要考慮人與自然和諧相處，不僅要考慮恢復(fù)生產(chǎn)，還要考慮促進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整；不僅要考慮促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，還要合理安排經(jīng)濟(jì)布局；不僅要體現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化要求，還要注意保護(hù)歷史文化遺產(chǎn)。這樣才能貫徹體現(xiàn)綠色鄉(xiāng)村營(yíng)建的特點(diǎn)。

英語(yǔ)譯文當(dāng)天翻譯過(guò)程分析或體會(huì)100字以內(nèi)！Day8Part1一頓午餐我打碎了一個(gè)重要的杯子，然后坐下來(lái)吃飯--面包、牛奶、雞蛋和辣醬，基本上西式風(fēng)格。突然，想聽羅大佑的那首歌《你的樣子》。于是找出磁帶，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)今天停電。人生總是這樣！人生總是不完美!這樣也好。這樣才有希望。于是繼續(xù)吃飯。英語(yǔ)譯文漢語(yǔ)原文Day8Part2窗在一家醫(yī)院的病房里，曾住過(guò)兩位病人，他們的病情都很嚴(yán)重。這間病房十分窄小，僅能容得下他們?nèi)�。病房設(shè)有一扇門和一個(gè)窗戶，門通向走廊，透過(guò)窗戶可以看到外界。其中一位病人經(jīng)允許，可以分別在每天上午和下午起身坐上一個(gè)小時(shí)。這位病人的病床靠近窗口。而另一位病人則不得不日夜躺臥在病床上。當(dāng)然，兩位病人都需要靜養(yǎng)治療。使他們感到尤為痛苦的是，兩人的病情不允許他們做任何事情借以消遣，既不能讀書閱報(bào)，也不能聽收音機(jī)、看電視……只有靜靜地躺著。而且只有他們兩個(gè)人。噢，兩人經(jīng)常談天，談就是幾個(gè)小時(shí)。他們談起各自的家庭妻小，各自的工作，各自在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中做過(guò)些什么，曾在哪些地方度假，等等。每天上午和下午，時(shí)間一到，靠近窗戶的病人就被扶起身來(lái)，開始一小時(shí)的仰坐。每當(dāng)這時(shí)，他就開始為同伴描述起他所見到的窗外的一切。漸漸地，每天的這兩個(gè)小時(shí)，幾乎就成了他和同伴生活中全部?jī)?nèi)容了。很顯然，這個(gè)窗戶俯瞰著一座公園，公園里面有一泓湖水，湖面上照例漫游著一群群野鴨、天鵝。公園里的孩子們有的在扔面包喂這些水禽，有的在擺弄游艇模型。一對(duì)17

漢語(yǔ)原文

對(duì)年輕的情侶手挽著手在樹萌下散步。公園里鮮花盛開，主要有玫瑰花，但四周還有五彩斑瀾、爭(zhēng)相斗妍的牡丹花和金盞草。在公園那端的一角，有一塊網(wǎng)球場(chǎng)。有時(shí)那兒進(jìn)行的比賽確實(shí)精彩，不時(shí)也有幾場(chǎng)板球賽，雖然球藝夠不上正式?jīng)Q賽的水平，但是，有得看總比沒(méi)有強(qiáng)。那邊還有一塊用于玩滾木球的草坪。公園的盡頭是一排商店。在這些商店的后邊，鬧市區(qū)隱約可見。躺著的那位病人津津有味地聽著這一切。這個(gè)時(shí)刻的每一分鐘對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)都是一種享受。描述仍在繼續(xù)：一個(gè)孩童怎樣差一點(diǎn)跌入湖中，身著夏裝的姑娘是多么美麗動(dòng)人。接著，又是一場(chǎng)扣人心弦的網(wǎng)球賽。他聽著這栩栩如生的描述，仿佛親眼看到了窗外所發(fā)生的一切。一天下午，當(dāng)聽到一名板球隊(duì)員正慢悠悠地把球擊得四處皆是時(shí)，不靠窗口的病人，突然產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)想法：為什么偏偏是挨著窗戶的那個(gè)人，有幸能觀賞到窗外的一切？為什么自己不應(yīng)得到這種機(jī)會(huì)呢？他為自己會(huì)有這種想法而感到慚愧，竭力不再這么想�？墒�，他愈加克制，這種想法卻變得愈加強(qiáng)烈，直至幾天以后，這個(gè)想法已經(jīng)進(jìn)一步變?yōu)榫o挨著窗口的為什么不該是我呢？他白晝無(wú)時(shí)不為這一想法所困擾，晚上，又徹夜難眠。結(jié)果，病情一天天加重了，醫(yī)生們對(duì)其病因不得而知。一天晚上，他照例睜著雙眼盯著天花板。這時(shí)，他的同伴突然醒來(lái)，開始大聲咳嗽，呼吸急促，時(shí)斷時(shí)續(xù)，液體已經(jīng)充塞了他的肺腔，他兩手摸索著，在找電鈴的按鈕，只要電鈴一響，值班的護(hù)土就會(huì)立即趕來(lái)。但是，另一位病人卻紋絲不動(dòng)地看著。心想，他憑什么要占據(jù)窗口那張床位呢?痛苦的咳嗽聲打破了黑夜的沉靜。一聲又一聲……卡住了……停止了……直至最后呼吸聲也停止了。另一位病人仍然繼續(xù)盯著天花板。第二天早晨，醫(yī)護(hù)人員送來(lái)了漱口水，發(fā)現(xiàn)那個(gè)病人早已咽氣了，他們靜悄悄地將尸體抬了出去，絲毫沒(méi)有大驚小怪。稍過(guò)了幾天，似乎這時(shí)開口已經(jīng)正當(dāng)?shù)皿w。剩下的這位病人就立刻提出是否能讓他挪到窗口的那張床上去。醫(yī)護(hù)人員把他抬了過(guò)去，將他舒舒服服地安頓在那張病床上。接著他們離開了病房，剩下他一個(gè)靜靜地躺在那兒。醫(yī)生剛一離開，這位病人就十分痛苦地掙扎著，用一支胳膊肘支起了身子，口中氣喘吁吁。他探頭朝窗口望去。他看到的只是光禿禿的一堵墻。英語(yǔ)譯文

當(dāng)天翻譯過(guò)程分析或體會(huì)100字以內(nèi)！Day9Part1***，西安建筑科技大學(xué)土木工程學(xué)院副教授，國(guó)家住房和城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)部村鎮(zhèn)司農(nóng)房建設(shè)技術(shù)西部研究中心主任，長(zhǎng)期從事村鎮(zhèn)建筑抗震防災(zāi)研究與實(shí)踐。近年來(lái)走遍中西部廣大農(nóng)村地區(qū)，對(duì)農(nóng)村住房建設(shè)現(xiàn)狀有深入了解。特別是四川汶川地震及青海玉樹地震后，配合國(guó)家住房和城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)部進(jìn)行了大量震損農(nóng)房的調(diào)研、評(píng)估及農(nóng)房恢復(fù)重建指導(dǎo)工作。**，男，1951生，西安建筑科技大學(xué)教授，博士生導(dǎo)師。現(xiàn)任西安建筑科技大學(xué)建筑與環(huán)境研究所所長(zhǎng)，主要從事地域文化與鄉(xiāng)土建筑、生土建筑、城市公共空間設(shè)計(jì)等方面的研究。陜西省重點(diǎn)學(xué)科－建筑設(shè)計(jì)及其理論學(xué)科帶頭人之一，陜西省名牌專業(yè)－建筑學(xué)專業(yè)責(zé)任教授。主持國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目?jī)身?xiàng)，多年來(lái)致力于黃土高原人居環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究與地域建筑文化研究。在窯洞與生土建筑研究領(lǐng)域處國(guó)內(nèi)領(lǐng)先地位。漢語(yǔ)原文**，1970年4月18日生于重慶，1992年7月獲西安建筑科技大學(xué)建筑學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位，1996年2月獲重慶建筑大學(xué)建筑學(xué)碩士學(xué)位，201*年1月獲重慶建筑大學(xué)城市規(guī)劃與設(shè)計(jì)博士學(xué)位。201*年晉升正高級(jí)工程師，注冊(cè)城市規(guī)劃師。201*年評(píng)為教授，西安建筑科技大學(xué)碩士生導(dǎo)師。1992年至今從事建筑設(shè)計(jì)和城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)，獲四川省城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)一等獎(jiǎng)2項(xiàng)，全國(guó)城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)三等獎(jiǎng)2項(xiàng)，全國(guó)勘察設(shè)計(jì)三等獎(jiǎng)1項(xiàng)。出版學(xué)術(shù)專著一部，發(fā)表學(xué)術(shù)論文23篇。四川省突出貢獻(xiàn)專家，第九屆四川省青年科技獎(jiǎng)獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)摺，F(xiàn)任四川省城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究院總工程師。***，西安建筑科技大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院教授，博導(dǎo)，國(guó)家公派訪問(wèn)學(xué)者，中國(guó)"西部之光"訪問(wèn)學(xué)者。長(zhǎng)期從事西部弱勢(shì)群體人居環(huán)境發(fā)展、歷史文化村鎮(zhèn)保護(hù)、城市設(shè)計(jì)等領(lǐng)域的課題研究與規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)工程實(shí)踐。近年主持完成國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金一項(xiàng)，在研國(guó)家級(jí)、省部級(jí)縱向課題6項(xiàng)，主編學(xué)術(shù)專著1部，發(fā)表學(xué)術(shù)論文20余篇。

英語(yǔ)譯文Day9Part2外交部：美南海問(wèn)題聲明發(fā)嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤信號(hào)新華網(wǎng)北京8月4日電中國(guó)外交部發(fā)言人秦剛4日就美國(guó)務(wù)院發(fā)表所謂南海問(wèn)題聲明闡明中方嚴(yán)正立場(chǎng)。秦剛說(shuō)，8月3日，美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院就南海問(wèn)題發(fā)表所謂聲明，罔顧事實(shí)，混淆是非，發(fā)出了嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤信號(hào)，無(wú)助于有關(guān)各方維護(hù)南海乃至亞太地區(qū)和平穩(wěn)定的努力。中方對(duì)此表示強(qiáng)烈不滿和堅(jiān)決反對(duì)。秦剛說(shuō)，中國(guó)對(duì)南海諸島及其附近海域擁有無(wú)可爭(zhēng)辯的主權(quán)，這方面的歷史事實(shí)是清楚的。而且，1959年中國(guó)就設(shè)立了隸屬?gòu)V東省的西、南、中沙群島辦事處，對(duì)西沙、中沙和南沙群島的島礁及其海域進(jìn)行行政管轄。此次設(shè)立三沙市是中國(guó)對(duì)現(xiàn)有有關(guān)地方行政管轄機(jī)構(gòu)的必要調(diào)整，是中國(guó)主權(quán)范圍內(nèi)的事情。他說(shuō)，需要指出的是，20多年來(lái)，在中國(guó)和有關(guān)地區(qū)國(guó)家的共同努力下，保持了南海的和平穩(wěn)定，航行自由和正常貿(mào)易得到充分保障。201*年，中國(guó)和東盟國(guó)家共同簽署《南海各方行為宣言》�！缎�言》明確規(guī)定，由直接有關(guān)的主權(quán)國(guó)家通過(guò)友好協(xié)商和談判，以和平方式解決領(lǐng)土和管轄權(quán)爭(zhēng)議，同時(shí)承諾不采取使?fàn)幾h復(fù)雜化、擴(kuò)大化的行動(dòng)。現(xiàn)在令人擔(dān)心的是，個(gè)別國(guó)家不尊重、不遵守《宣言》，以挑釁的方式一而再、再而三地破壞《宣言》的基本原則和精神，也給商談“南海行為準(zhǔn)則”制造了困難。因此，中方在對(duì)同東盟國(guó)家商談“南海行為準(zhǔn)則”持開放態(tài)度的同時(shí)，主張各方必須嚴(yán)格遵守《宣言》，以為商談“準(zhǔn)則”創(chuàng)造必要條件和氣氛。秦剛說(shuō)，美方對(duì)中國(guó)正常、合理之舉的無(wú)端指責(zé)不能不使人們對(duì)美方的意圖提出質(zhì)疑。美國(guó)為什么對(duì)有的國(guó)家在南海劃出大批油氣區(qū)塊、出臺(tái)將中國(guó)的島礁和海域劃為己有的國(guó)內(nèi)立法視而不見，為什么對(duì)有的國(guó)家出動(dòng)軍艦威脅中國(guó)漁民，對(duì)無(wú)爭(zhēng)議的中國(guó)島礁無(wú)理提出主權(quán)要求避而不談，卻對(duì)中方應(yīng)對(duì)這些挑釁行為的合理、適度反應(yīng)提出無(wú)端指責(zé)？又為什么在地區(qū)有關(guān)國(guó)家加強(qiáng)對(duì)話溝通、努力化解矛盾、平息事態(tài)之際突兀發(fā)聲，撥弄是非？這種選擇性視盲和發(fā)聲有悖其所聲稱的對(duì)爭(zhēng)議“不持立場(chǎng)”、“不介入”的態(tài)度，不利于地區(qū)國(guó)家的團(tuán)結(jié)合作與和平穩(wěn)定。他說(shuō)，當(dāng)前，全球經(jīng)濟(jì)低迷，一些地區(qū)國(guó)家動(dòng)蕩，亞太是相對(duì)穩(wěn)定和最具活力的地區(qū)，也是世界經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇的重要支撐。美方應(yīng)該順應(yīng)時(shí)代潮流，尊重本地區(qū)國(guó)家謀和平、求穩(wěn)定、促發(fā)展的普遍愿望和有關(guān)共識(shí)，尊重中國(guó)的主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整，多做有利于亞太穩(wěn)定繁榮的事，而不是相反。秦剛說(shuō)，中國(guó)同東盟建立對(duì)話關(guān)系20多年來(lái)，建立了發(fā)展中國(guó)家間最大的自由貿(mào)易區(qū)，共同應(yīng)對(duì)了亞洲金融危機(jī)、國(guó)際金融危機(jī)和重大自然災(zāi)害等各種挑戰(zhàn)，各領(lǐng)域合作全面推進(jìn)。中國(guó)重視同東盟的友好合作關(guān)系，支持東盟一體化進(jìn)程，支持東盟在東亞合作中的主導(dǎo)地位，愿同東盟一道努力，排除干擾，進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)雙方戰(zhàn)略伙伴關(guān)系向前20漢語(yǔ)原文

發(fā)展。英語(yǔ)譯文當(dāng)天翻譯過(guò)程分析或體會(huì)100字以內(nèi)！Day10西部鄉(xiāng)村低收入人群民居災(zāi)后設(shè)計(jì)以512四川大坪村災(zāi)后重建為例**，***【作者簡(jiǎn)介】：**，西安建筑科技大學(xué)，建筑學(xué)院，博士生，助教地址：西安建筑科技大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院郵編：710055***，西安建筑科技大學(xué)，建筑學(xué)院，特聘教授，博士生導(dǎo)師【項(xiàng)目基金】：1．國(guó)家創(chuàng)新研究群體科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目《西部地域建筑環(huán)境與能耗控制理論研究》（項(xiàng)目編號(hào)50921005）資助；漢語(yǔ)原文2．西安建筑科技大學(xué)青年科技基金《四川彭州大坪村災(zāi)后重建鄉(xiāng)村聚落生態(tài)化創(chuàng)作思路研究》（項(xiàng)目編號(hào)DA02039）資助；【摘要】：本文以四川省彭州市通濟(jì)鎮(zhèn)大坪村民居災(zāi)后重建為例，探討了我國(guó)西部鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)這一低收入人群在面臨嚴(yán)峻的經(jīng)濟(jì)貧困與生態(tài)貧困的狀態(tài)下，如何解決新建建筑與環(huán)境的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展問(wèn)題。在明確原有民居缺陷的基礎(chǔ)上，新建民居注重從解決建筑安全性，尊重當(dāng)?shù)厣�活方式出發(fā)，采用當(dāng)?shù)夭牧�、沿用傳統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)、改進(jìn)室內(nèi)熱環(huán)境、利用自然通風(fēng)與采光、發(fā)掘可再生能源利用技術(shù)等，在降低建造與運(yùn)行成本的同時(shí)做到對(duì)自然環(huán)境的保護(hù)與民居的持久發(fā)展�！娟P(guān)鍵詞】：災(zāi)后重建，鄉(xiāng)村民居，低收入，建造成本，運(yùn)行成本1．前言201*年5月12日，一場(chǎng)巨大的地震災(zāi)害襲擊了我國(guó)四川省大部分地區(qū)。受災(zāi)區(qū)處于我國(guó)西部地區(qū)，西部地區(qū)的特殊性主要表現(xiàn)在：西部總體自然環(huán)境差、生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱,人口增長(zhǎng)速度快，人地關(guān)系矛盾突出，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展相對(duì)落后，鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)貧困現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重，面臨一系列的生態(tài)破壞與退化問(wèn)題。西部地區(qū)的生態(tài)環(huán)境具有十分重要的位置，是我國(guó)生

態(tài)環(huán)境的重要屏障，其環(huán)境的優(yōu)劣直接決定了我國(guó)總體環(huán)境狀況。因此，該地區(qū)災(zāi)后重建要在經(jīng)濟(jì)條件相對(duì)較差的基礎(chǔ)上注重防災(zāi)減災(zāi)安全性，還要注重對(duì)自然生態(tài)環(huán)境的保護(hù)。課題組作為志愿者團(tuán)隊(duì)，在北京地球村環(huán)境文化中心的倡導(dǎo)和組織下，對(duì)四川省彭州市通濟(jì)鎮(zhèn)大坪村開展了地震災(zāi)區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村民居可持續(xù)性發(fā)展研究，進(jìn)行了災(zāi)后重建的方案創(chuàng)作，并應(yīng)用于第一期44戶示范工程建設(shè)。2．四川大坪村受災(zāi)情況大坪村隸屬于四川省彭州市通濟(jì)鎮(zhèn)，位于成都西北約70公里處（東經(jīng)103°49′，北緯30°9′）的大坪山上，海拔高度約1400米，與龍門山隔白水河溝相望，直線距離汶川縣城不足30公里。512大地震中，大坪村遭受嚴(yán)重創(chuàng)傷，道路中斷，橋梁破壞，新建磚混結(jié)構(gòu)房屋全部倒塌，傳統(tǒng)的木結(jié)構(gòu)房屋亦破壞嚴(yán)重，無(wú)法繼續(xù)使用，村民生產(chǎn)、生活活動(dòng)幾乎無(wú)法進(jìn)行[2](如圖1)。3．大坪村經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況大坪村所處自然環(huán)境優(yōu)美，但是由于受地理?xiàng)l件、觀念等等的限制，當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展相對(duì)緩慢。主要原因在于：1）交通不便大坪村海拔1400米，當(dāng)?shù)卮迕裆�活在崇山峻嶺之中，平地少，山地多，出行交通極其不便，基本以步代車，徒步約6km的崎嶇山路。5.12地震后，這里的山路受到了嚴(yán)重的破壞。2）收入渠道單一當(dāng)?shù)卮迕穹N植的農(nóng)作物主要有玉米、土豆、洋姜，而這些作物所帶來(lái)的收入僅夠平日開銷。村民的經(jīng)濟(jì)收入主要是靠種植黃蓮獲得。地震發(fā)生后，黃連受嚴(yán)重破壞，該部分經(jīng)濟(jì)收入被切斷。除此外，當(dāng)?shù)夭糠帜贻p勞動(dòng)力農(nóng)閑時(shí)外出打工貼補(bǔ)家用，地震后都回來(lái)重建家園。因此，收入比之前更低。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，44戶村民年收入在3000元以下的占到7%；3000元-5000元的占到16%，5000元-7000元的占到27%，7000元-10000元的占到23%，10000元以上的占到27%，(如圖2)。3）旅游業(yè)發(fā)展受制約大坪村自然環(huán)境優(yōu)美，適宜于大力發(fā)展旅圖2當(dāng)?shù)卮迕衩繎裟昃�收入狀況游業(yè)以增加當(dāng)?shù)卮迕袷杖�。但限于�?dāng)?shù)鼗�礎(chǔ)設(shè)施落后、交通不便、啟動(dòng)資金不足等，很大程度上制約了當(dāng)?shù)芈糜谓?jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。4)新建住宅經(jīng)濟(jì)投入災(zāi)后重建中，在當(dāng)?shù)卣�府、北京地球村環(huán)境文化中心和中國(guó)紅十字基金會(huì)大力的經(jīng)濟(jì)支持下進(jìn)行。政府根據(jù)人口與建房規(guī)模每戶資助1.6或1.9萬(wàn)元不等，中國(guó)紅十字基金會(huì)按人口計(jì)算，每人資助4850元。據(jù)調(diào)查了解，在新建的44戶中，一口之家有1戶；二口之家有9戶，三口之家有22

圖1地震對(duì)大坪村民居破壞情況

12戶；四口之家有14戶；五口之家有6戶；六口之家有2戶。

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