高一英語人教課標(biāo)必修1-2語法總結(jié)
高一上學(xué)期必修12語法總結(jié)
直接引語和間接引語一、句型的變化(一)如果直接引語是陳述句,間接引語一般是用that來引導(dǎo)?谡Z中that常可省略。
“Iliketolistentorockmusic,”saidPeter.Petersaidthathelikedtolistentorockmusic.
【注意】如果直接引語中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的陳述句并列時(shí),第一個(gè)that可以省略,
后面一個(gè)不能省略,以免引起歧義。如:
Theteachersaid,“Thetextisveryimportant.Youshouldlearnitbyheart.”Theteachersaid(that)thetextisimportantandthatweshouldlearnitbyheart.
(二)如果直接引語是一般疑問句或選擇疑問句時(shí),間接引語常變?yōu)橛蓋hether/if引
導(dǎo),而且要用陳述句語序。如:
Theboyaskedhismother,“CanIgotoplayfootballwithmyfriendsonSaturday?”Theboyaskedhismotherwhether/ifhecouldgotoplayfootballwithhisfriendson
Saturday.
(三)如果直接引語是特殊問句,間接引語用特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo),而且用陳述句語序。如:
“Howmuchtimedoyouspendonthehomework?”heaskedme.HeaskedmehowmuchtimeIspentonthehomework.
(四)如果間接引語是表示請(qǐng)求、提議、建議、勸告等意義的問句,要借助其他句型
結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)。如:
“Whydon’tyoucomeandplayfootballwithme?”Heasked.Headvisedmetoplayfootballwithhim.
【注意】表示請(qǐng)求、勸告時(shí),通常用“ask/advise/want等+賓語+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。(五)如果直接引語是祈使句,間接引語要用不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)改,即改為:tell(ask,
order,warn,advise等)sb.(not)todosth.如:
“Listentomecarefully,please.”theteachersaidtous.Theteachertoldustolistentohimcarefully.
【注意】如果祈使句中出現(xiàn)了please,在間接引語中必須省略。
(六)如果直接引語是感嘆句,變間接引語時(shí),用what,how或that來引述。如:
“Whatabeautifulhouseitis!”hesaidtome.Hetoldmewhatabeautifulhouseitwas.Hetoldmethatitwasabeautifulhouse.二、時(shí)態(tài)的變化
(一)如果主句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí),則間接引語中的時(shí)態(tài)不變。如;
Hesays,“I’mtootired.”=>Hesays(that)heistootired.
(二)如果主句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般過去時(shí),則間接引語中的時(shí)態(tài)相應(yīng)地變?yōu)榕c過去相關(guān)的
時(shí)態(tài)。具體變化如下:
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)一般過去時(shí)過去完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)一般將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)1)Theoldmansaid,“GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina.”TheoldmansaidthatgreatchangeshadtakenplaceinChina.
2)“WangLiniswaitingforyououtsideoftheschoolgate.”LiFangsaidtome.LiFangtoldmethatWangLinwaswaitingformeoutsideoftheschoolgate.
【注意1】當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)述的是客觀事實(shí)、科學(xué)真理、格言或諺語;重復(fù)出現(xiàn)或現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣性的
動(dòng)作時(shí),間接引語的時(shí)態(tài)不變化。如:.
“Failureisthemotherofsuccess.”Theteachersaidtous.Theteachertoldusthatfailureisthemotherofsuccess.【注意2】當(dāng)直接引語中的謂語動(dòng)詞含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must,need,oughtto,hadbetter等,
變間接引語時(shí),間接引語中謂語動(dòng)詞的形式不變。如:
Hesaid,“Youhadbetteraskforhelpwhenyouareintrouble.”HesaidthatIhadbetteraskforhelpwhenIwasintrouble.三、人稱代詞的變化
直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí),間接引語中作主語的人稱代詞或其他物主代詞要作相應(yīng)的變化。一般情況下要遵循以下幾條原則:
(一)直接引語的主語是第一人稱,變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí),要和主句的主語保持一致。如:
“CanIuseyourbikeforamoment?”theboysaidtome.
Theboyaskedmewhetherhecouldusemybikeformoment.
(二)直接引語的主語是第二人稱,變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí),要和主句的賓語保持一致。如:
TheteacheraskedJoan,“Whyareyoulateagain?”TheteacheraskedJoanwhyhewaslateagain.
(三)直接引語的主語是第三人稱,變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí),間接引語中主語人稱不變。如:
Heaskedme,“HowlonghasTeddystayedinChina?”HeaskedmehowlongTeddyhasstayedinChina.四、主句謂語動(dòng)詞的變化
(一)直接引語是陳述句,謂語動(dòng)詞是say(said)的不變,是saidtosb.常變?yōu)閠oldsb.如:
Hesaidtohisfriend,“Iamgladtoseeyou.”Hetoldhisfriendthathewasgladtoseehim.
(二)直接引語是特殊疑問句、一般疑問句或選擇疑問句,said變?yōu)閍sked;saidtosb.
變?yōu)閍skedsb.如:
“Howcanyoudothat?”MarysaidtoBetty.MaryaskedBettyhowshecoulddothat.(三)直接引語是祈使句,變間接引語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)語氣強(qiáng)弱選則beg,advise,ask,
tell,order,warn等。如果祈使句是否定句,還需在不定式符號(hào)to前加not.如:Isaidtoher,“Pleasepassmeaglassofwater.”Iaskedhertopassmeaglassofwater.
第1頁共4頁(四)直接引語是感嘆句,變間接引語時(shí),引述動(dòng)詞常用tell,exclaim或say等。如:一.定語從句的定義
“Howwellhelooks!”Lucysaid.1.定語從句在從句中起定語作用,修飾句中的某一名詞或代詞,被定語從句修飾的詞Lucyexclaimedhowwellhelooked.叫先行詞。定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞后面.(定語從句有時(shí)候還可以修飾一個(gè)句子,Lucysaidthathelookedwell.通常指代一件事情)五、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語和方向性動(dòng)詞的變化2.引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞叫關(guān)系詞,關(guān)系詞分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,他們的作用:(一)指示代詞的變化(1)引導(dǎo)作用thisthatthesethose(2)替代(先行詞)作用(二)時(shí)間狀語的變化(3)在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)某個(gè)成分的作用nowthenagobefore/earlier關(guān)系代詞:who,whom,whose,that,which,as等(在句中作主、表、賓、定等成分)todaythatdayyesterdaythedaybefore關(guān)系副詞:where,when,why在從句中作狀語thismorning/afternoon,etc.thatmorning/afternoon,etc.e.g.TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledTom.tomorrowthefollowing/nextdaywho引導(dǎo)定語從句并代替先行詞theboy在定語從句中充當(dāng)broke的主語thedayaftertomorrowintwodays’timea.關(guān)系代詞(who,whom,which,that,whose)的指代關(guān)系及其選擇thedaybeforeyesterdaytwodaysbefore/earlier定語從句關(guān)系詞的選擇取決于先行詞(被修飾詞)在定語從句中的位置、成分。nextweek/month,etc.thenextweek/month,etc.指人指物在定語從句中的作用lastweek/monththeweek/monthbeforewho√主語賓語【注意】如果在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述,時(shí)間狀語也可不變。如:whom√賓語Mr.Blacksaid,“IvisitedtheGreatWalllastyear.”which√主語賓語Mr.BlacksaidthathehadvisitedtheGreatWalllastyear.that√√主語賓語(三)地點(diǎn)和方向性動(dòng)詞的變化定語(whose和它所修飾的名詞在從句中可以充當(dāng)主whose√√heretherecomego語或賓語)【注意】如果在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述,地點(diǎn)狀語也可不變。如:b.關(guān)系副詞Hesaid,“Iwillcomeherethisevening.”(1)why先行詞是表示原因的名詞(reason),關(guān)系詞在從句中做原因狀語表示原因Hesaidthathewouldcomeherethisevening.(同時(shí)同地引述)(2)where先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞,關(guān)系詞在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語表示地點(diǎn)鞏固練習(xí):將下列句子變?yōu)殚g接引語或直接引語(3)when先行詞是表示時(shí)間的名詞,關(guān)系詞在從句中做時(shí)間狀語表示時(shí)間1.Hesaidtome,“Iwrotealettertomyparentslastweek.”e.g.Thatisthereasonwhyhewaslate.He_________methat_________________aletterto________parents________ThisistheschoolwhereIhavestudiedforthreeyears.________________.IwillalwaysrememberthedaywhenIsawyou.2.“Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest,”mothersaidtoherdaughter.3.定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。Mother_________herdaughterthatthesun______uptheeastand_______inthewest.限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確,它對(duì)主句3.“Don’tbelateagain,Jim,”saidtheteacher.Theteacher______________________起到限制作用。________belateagain.非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思,它對(duì)主4.“HaveyouseenthefilmHarryPotter?”heasked.句起進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明,它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開。如果先行詞是專有名詞或獨(dú)一無Heaskedme________________________________thefilmHarryPotter.二的事物,我們一般要用非限制定語從句。5.Mr.WangaskedthestudentshowtheycouldimprovetheirspokenEnglish.e.g.Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.(限制性)“________________________improve________spokenEnglish?”Mr.WangsaidtoThehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.(非限制性)thestudents.二.注意事項(xiàng):
1.只能用which不能用that的情況:定語從句第2頁共4頁①引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句
②先行詞在從句中作介詞的賓語且介詞前置,即當(dāng)關(guān)系詞緊跟在介詞后面時(shí),
e.g.ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunlived.
==Thisisthehousewhich/thatLuXunlivedin.
2.只能用whom不能用who的情況:
①先行詞在從句中作介詞的賓語且介詞前置,如
e.g.TomistheboywithwhomIhavetalkedwith.
==Tomistheboywho/whomIhavetalkedwith.
3.關(guān)系代詞必須用that的情形:
①當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞的最高級(jí)所修飾
e.g.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.②當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾
e.g.ThefirstcarthatarrivedatthedestinationwasdrivenbyJohn.③當(dāng)先行詞被theonly,thevery等修飾
e.g.ThisistheonlyticketthatIgotyesterday.ThisistheverybookthatI’mlookingfor.
④先行詞被all,every,no,some,any,little(少量,一些),much等修飾時(shí):e.g.I’vereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.
⑤當(dāng)先行詞為all,much,little(少量,一些),few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing等不定代詞時(shí),或者是在therebe句型中.e.g.IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?
Allthatyouhavetodoistopressthebutton.Thereisnotimethatwecanwaste.⑥當(dāng)先行詞既指人又指物時(shí)
e.g.Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.⑦當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語時(shí):
e.g.Maryisnolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobe.
4.定語從句中如果先行詞是theway,關(guān)系詞常用inwhich,that或省略5.關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞及其容易混用的情況1.Thisisthefactory______Ionceworked.2.Thisisthefactory______I’vevisited.
3.Theday__________IalwaysrememberisOct.1.4.Theday______NanjingwasliberatedisSep.11.
5.Thereason_____hehasn’tcomeisthathehasbeenill.6.Don’tbelievethereason_____hegiveyou.
【注意】當(dāng)表示時(shí)間,地點(diǎn),原因的名詞,day,time,place,factory,reason等作先行詞,在定語從句中作狀語時(shí),用when,where,why;在從句中作主語或賓語時(shí),就用that或which.
三.介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況當(dāng)我們?cè)谟脦в薪樵~的定語從句時(shí),我們有兩種選擇,介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前或者是放在定語從句中。如:
1)Thewomanwho/whomSpielbergismarriedtoisanactress.
ThewomantowhomSpielbergismarriedisanactress.
2)ThepaintingatwhichIlookedwaspaintedbyVincentvanGogh.ThepaintingwhichIlookedatwaspaintedbyVincentvanGogh.那么如何選擇介詞呢:
1).介詞與定語從句的先行詞是一種習(xí)慣性的搭配.
e.g.Thefarm_______Ionceworkedhastakenonanewlook.2).介詞與從句中的動(dòng)詞是一種習(xí)慣性的搭配.
e.g.Whoistheman________ourteacherisshakinghands?3).介詞與從句中的形容詞一起構(gòu)成一種習(xí)慣性的搭配.
e.g.Oursisabeautifulcountry,_______wearegreatlyproud.4).表示“所有格”或“整體中的部分”時(shí),用介詞of.
e.g.Thereareoveronethousandworkersinthefactory,80percent________arewomen.練習(xí)1:關(guān)系副詞或者是介詞+關(guān)系代詞填空
1)Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson_______shecouldturnforhelp.
2)Whenyoureadthebook,you’dbettermakeamark________youhaveanyquestions.3)Barcelonaisthecity_____the25thSummerOlympicwereheld.練習(xí)2:用介詞+關(guān)系代詞填空
1.Doyoulikethebookshespent$10?2.Doyoulikethebook________shepaid$10?
3.Doyoulikethebookshelearnedalot?4.Doyoulikethebooksheoftentalks?
5.Hebuiltatelescope(望遠(yuǎn)鏡)hecouldstudytheskies.6.Thereisatalltreeoutside,________standsourteacher.
7.Chinahasalotofrivers,thesecondlongest____________istheYellowRiver.8.Thetower__________peoplecanhaveagoodviewisonthehill.
9.Theman________Ispokeonthephonelastnightisverygoodatwrestling.
10.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,most________hadn’tbeencleanedfor
atleastayear.
四.a(chǎn)s引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句比較并發(fā)現(xiàn):
Theearthisround._____isknowntoall.Theearthisround,_____isknowntoall._____isknowntoall,theearthisround.
______isknowntoallthattheearthisround.
【注意】as具有正如之意,與之搭配的動(dòng)詞一般是固定的,如:asyouknow/asyou
see/asweplanned/asweexpected
第3頁共4頁比較并發(fā)現(xiàn):ThisisthesamepenasIlost.這本書和我丟的那本一模一樣。
ThisisthesamepenthatIlost.這本書就是我丟的那本。
【注意】thesame…as表示相似事物,thesame…that表示同一事物比較并發(fā)現(xiàn):
Thisissuchaninterestingbook_______wealllike.Thisissointerestingabook_________wealllike.這是大家都喜歡的如此有趣的一本書。(定語從句)Thisissuchaninterestingbook_______wealllikeit.Thisissointerestingabook_________wealllikeit.這本書如此有趣,大家都喜歡。(結(jié)果狀語從句)
【注意】such(so)…as…引導(dǎo)定語從句,such(so)…that…引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句
被動(dòng)語態(tài)與主動(dòng)語態(tài)一.語態(tài)概述
英語中有兩種語態(tài):主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。
被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者,即行為動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。e.g.Heopenedthedoor.他開了門。(主動(dòng)句)
Thedoorwasopened.門被開了。(被動(dòng)句)二.被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化是通過be的變化表現(xiàn)出來的。
1.一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)will/shall/beto/begoingto+bedone2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)has/havebeendone3.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)be+beingdone
歌訣是:被動(dòng)語態(tài)be字變,過去分詞跟后面。三、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法
(1)不知道或沒有必要說明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰。e.g.Somenewcomputerswerestolenlastnight.(2)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者,而不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。
e.g.ThewindowwasbrokenbyMike.窗戶是邁克打破的。四、主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)的方法
(1)把主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語。(2)把謂語變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)(be+過去分詞)
(根據(jù)被動(dòng)語態(tài)句子里的主語的人稱和數(shù),以及原來主動(dòng)語態(tài)句子中動(dòng)詞的
時(shí)態(tài)來決定be的形式)。
(3)把主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的主語放在介詞by之后作賓語,將主格改為賓格。
e.g.Ihavefinishedthehomework..
Thehomeworkhasbeenfinishedbyme.
歌訣是:賓變主,主變賓,by短語后面跟。一.單項(xiàng)選擇:
1.()Ifthework________,youcangoandplaygames.
A.finishedB.hasfinishedC.willbefinishedD.isfinished
2.()Itwasrainingheavilyoutside,thechildrenweremade______intheclassroom.A.stayB.tostayC.stayingD.stayed3.()Kate_______theletterbeforehermothercameintoherbedroom.A.haswrittenB.waswrittenC.hadwrittenD.iswriting4.()Tomakeourcitymorebeautiful,rubbish______intotheriver.A.needn’tbethrownB.mustn’tbethrownC.can’tthrowD.maynotthrow5.()Ilikemybike.It________verywell.
A.ridesB.isridingC.isriddenD.hasridden6.()Iwon’tcometothepartyunlessTom______,too.YoumeanifTomcomes,you’llcome.
A.willinviteB.invitesC.invitedD.isinvited7.()EveryonewhoheardMr.Green’sstory_____________it.
A.laughedatB.waslaughedC.laughedD.waslaughedat8.()Thechildrenmust_______.
A.lookafterB.betakengoodcareC.lookthesameD.betakengoodcareof9.()Thewomanstilldoesn’tknowwhat_______inherhometown
whileshewasaway.
A.happensB.happenedC.willhappenD.washappened10.()Isawyouwereonfootthismorning.
Yes.Mybike___________.
A.ismendingB.isbeingmendedC.ismendedD.isbeingmending二.用正確的形式填空:
1.Allthestudents__________(ask)tobringakitewiththemlastSunday.
2.Aremanyways_______(try)tostoppeoplefromcuttingdownsomanytrees?3.Whatareonshowinthemuseum?
Somephotos_________(take)byAmericanchildren.4.Thiscoat_________(wash)well.
5.Musttheoldpeople____________(speak)topolitely?
6.I’moften_________(警告)nottocopyothers’homework.7.Hecouldn’texplainwhydinosaurs___________(消失).8.I’llhavemybike__________________(修理)tomorrow.9.Haveyoufoundyournecklace________(偷)lastweek?10.ThePRCwas_________(成立)onOctober1,1949.
第4頁共4頁
友情提示:本文中關(guān)于《高一英語人教課標(biāo)必修1-2語法總結(jié)》給出的范例僅供您參考拓展思維使用,高一英語人教課標(biāo)必修1-2語法總結(jié):該篇文章建議您自主創(chuàng)作。
來源:網(wǎng)絡(luò)整理 免責(zé)聲明:本文僅限學(xué)習(xí)分享,如產(chǎn)生版權(quán)問題,請(qǐng)聯(lián)系我們及時(shí)刪除。