當代研究生英語課后習題答案(上冊、下冊)總結好的,供期末考試用英語復習

1.TheBillhasincorporatedmanyofthesuggestionsputforwardbytheopposition.2.Newtechnologiesareneededtoinvigoratethecountry’seconomy.3.Thesoldiersuppressedhisfearandwentonfighting.

4.Thenoiseofcarspassingalongtheroadisacontinualdisturbancetoourquietlife.5.Thiscountryissufferingfromitseconomicstagnation.6.Theoldmancherishedthegirlasifshewerehisdaughter.7.Donotlosehope;rememberthemotto“Neversaydie”.

8.Thetempleishighinthemountain,andisinaccessibletothepublicinwinter.9.Thechildshoweddefiancebyrefusingtoeat.

10.Iamdefendingmycommunistideologymyideals,thecontentandsignificanceofmywholelife.

11.Thecarrandownthehillunderitsownimpetus.

12.Thereacanalwasbeingbuilttofacilitatecommercebetweenthesetwocities.13.Myfirstparachutejumpwasa(n)exhilaratingexperience.14.Ismyconvictionthatyoudidnottryhardenough.

15.“Worldlywealthistransient;heavenlywealthlastsforever.”saidthepriest.

1.Inordertostrengthenhisarguments,Toffler()respectablesocialscientistswhoagreewithhim.

A.quotesB.confirmsC.recitesD.convinces

2.Hecouldscarcelyresisttakinganotherdrinkofthedeliciouswine,butrememberingthedoctor’sadvice,he().

ArefrainedBwithdrewCavoidedDretreated

3.Whenpeoplehavetheirbasicneedssatisfied,theybegintothinkofotherthingstofulfilltheirlife().

AnecessitiesBrequirementsCappreciationsDexpectations

4.Withinseconds,theexperiencedinstructor()thesituationanddecidedtoattemptrescue.AassumedBassuredCassessedDaffirmed

5.Mostgoodwritersuseeverymeansattheir()tomakethereader’swaysmoothandeasy.AwillBdisposalCrequestDconvenience

6.Thenewapartmenthousebuiltafewmonthsagoislargeenoughto()overtwohundredpeople.

AaccommodateBlocateCsettleDreside

7.Ariver()throughthenarrowwoodedvalleybelow.ApoursBtwistsCexpendsDexpands

8.TouseaChinesesaying,thisis“apunishmentwhichtheywell()”.AdesertBdeserveCreserveDpreserve

9.Thecaptainoftheship()thepassengersthattherewasnodanger.AsecuredBensuredCassuredDguaranteed

10.Thegrowthofcitiesandsuburbsthroughouttheregionhas()theresidentstobuildhouseswherevertheycouldfindopenland.

AconvertedBappealedCjustifiedDencouragedUnit2

1.Thekitchenwassmalland()sothatthedisabledwomancouldreacheverythingwithoutdifficulty.

AcompleteBcomplexCcompositeDcompact2.Hisauthorityand()makehimanexcellentteacher.

Aself-consciousnessBself-confidenceCself-centerednessDself-regard

3.Beingbothspoiltandlazyhe()everyoneelseforhislackofsuccess.AaccusedBchargedCcriticizedDblamed

4.WhenIlearnedthatIhadpassedtheexam,Ifelt()andrelaxed.AcarelessBtrouble-freeCnegligentDcare-free

5.Averylargecatwaswatchingusintentlyfromthetopofa()car.AcarelessBstationeryCmotionlessDstationary

6.Thisisthe()pianoonwhichthecomposercreatedsomeofhisgreatestworks.AactualBrealCgenuineDcontemporary

7.Yourusualteacherhaslosthisvoiceand()Iamtakinghisplacetoday.AneverthelessBhoweverCmoreoverDaccordingly8.A()womanisneededtotakecareoftwosmallchildren.AconfidentBreliableCtrustyDfaithful9.Ihavehada()ofmisfortunes.

AcontinuationBrepetitionCcontinuityDsuccession

10.Hehadan()habitofemptyingashtraysoutofhisupstairswindowontoourdoorstep.AobjectionableBafflictingCuneducatedDoffending11.Themusicarouseda(n)()feelingofhomesicknessinhim.AintenseBhopelessCintensiveDsad

12.Thejury()himofhavingcommittedtherobberyandhewasthensentencedtofiveyear’simprisonment.

AaccusedBchargedCconvictedDacquitted

13.Thebookprovedtobeveryunreliableandsowasquite()tohiminhisresearch.AunimportantBdisusedCuselessDunusable

14.Theplanwas()whenitwasdiscoveredjusthowmuchtheschemewouldcost.AresignedBabandonedCreleasedDredeemed

15.Theblowattheendofroundthreeknockedthechampion().AinsensitiveBstupefiedCsenselessDnonsensicalUnit3

1.TheRomanempire()underpressurepressurefromuncivilizednortherntribes.

AtrembledBcrumbledChurdledDsmashed

2.thepoliceare()awaragainstcrimeinthecity.Acommitting

BbreakingCundertakingDwaging

3.thesignwasnolongerlegiblebecausemuchoftheletteringhad()。AworndownBwornonCwornawayDwornout4.they()whetheraninternationalloanwaspossible.AdissolvedBdisputedCdissentedDdistorted5.heisalways()hisknowledgeinpublic

AairingBpraisingCassumingDretorting

6.flowersarebloominginscarletprofusiononthe()oftherice-fields.AspacesBclearingsCmarginsDvacuums

7.theyoungsoldier’shearingwas()aftertheexplosionAstrengthenedBtrappedCmanipulatedDimpaired

8.blackdeathwas()inenglandinthesummerof1348withoutanywarningand,most

importantly,withoutanycure.

AcurrentBcirculatingCprevailingDuniversal

9.thegoodnewsisthataspeopleinfectedwithHIVkeeptakingthetriple-drug(),theyhave

anexcellentchanceofsurvivingtheinfectionforalongtime.AantigenBcocktailCmicrobeDtherapy

10.becauseithaslongbeenknownthatHIVkillsCD4cellswhenitreplicatesinsidethem,many

researchershavebeentooreadyto()thatthisisthereasontheyalldie.AdiscoverBassumeCretortDpronounce

Measuresomeunlesshoweverseparatewhenenvironmentallyhappenopportunitycapableindifferencedemonstrateupaveragewithbutfailisolatenever

Therearetwofactorswhichdetermineanindividual’sintelligence.Thefirstisthesortofbrainheisborn().Humanbrainsdifferconsiderably,()beingmorecapablethanothers.()nomatterhowgoodabrainhehastobeginwith,anindividualwillhavealoworderofintelligence()hehasopportunitiestolearn.Sothesecondfactoriswhat()totheindividual---thesortofenvironmentinwhichheisbrought().Ifanindividualishandicapped(),itislikelythathisbrainwill()todevelopandhewill()attainthelevelofintelligenceofwhichheis().Theimportanceofenvironmentindetermininganindividual’sintelligencecanbe()bythecasehistoryoftheidenticaltwins,PeteranJohn.Whenthetwinswerethreemonthsold,theirparentsdied,andtheywereplacedin()fosterhomes.Peterwasrearedbyparentsoflowintelligenceinan()communitywithpooreducational().John,(),waseducatedinhomeofwell-to-doparentswhohadbeentocollege.Thisenvironmental()continueduntilthetwinswere()theirlateteens,()theyweregiventeststo()theirintelligence.

John’sI.Q.was125,twenty-fivepointshigherthanthe()andfullyfortypointshigherthanhisidenticalbrother.

Creativitysostimulatecontrolonsubstancemindcarrychemicalstheylearningefficientaffectdiscoverinterest

Recentstudiesofthehumanbrainhaveresultedinsomeinterestingdiscoveries.Scientistsbelievethatawaytoimprovethepowerofthebrainmaysoonbepossible.

Scientistshave()thatthebraincanmakeitsowndrugs.Thebraincontainsaprotein()whichcanactdirectly()thebraintochangeaspectsofmentalactivity.Somemaychangeorimprove,forexample,(),intelligence,imagination,andgoodmemory.

Chemicalsfoundinthebrain()messages.Inrecentyearsscientistshavefoundchemicalsthat()mood,memoryandotherhappeningsofthe().About25havebeenfound()far.

Todaytheroleof()andproteinsubstanceinhumanbehaviouriscreatingmuch(),Researchseemstoshowthattheymayhelp()insomnia,pain,andmentalillness.Theyhaveagreatcapacityto()thebraintoconquerdeficiencies.()alsoimprovethequalitiesofmemoryand()alreadyinthebrain.Theyholdthesecrettomoodandemotion.Somedaytheremaybeachemicalwaytocreateabetterandmore()brain.

Sampleimmunewhichwaysleadtonumbertakerebuildatallfurtherdrugthatarguedisruptcopewithtrapalongsidefindinglossprolong

BymeasuringtheamountofHIV’sgeneticmaterialinvariousrepresentativetissuesamplesfrominfectedpeople,andextrapolatingfromthese(sample)totheentirebody,Haaseestimatesthatatmost1in2,500cells,maybefewer,isinfectedwithHIV.Thisisnowherenearenoughfordirectcellkillingtoaccountforthedepletionintheirnumbersthat(leadsto)AIDS.

HaasesaysthathisownworknowshowsthatlargenumbersofCD4cellsarebecoming(trapped)inlymphtissue,andhebelievesthatHIValso(disrupts)theproductionofnewcells.Incommonwithanumberofotherresearchers,healsobelievesthatHIVmaycausethe(loss)ofuninfectedCD4cellsbytriggeringabnormallyhighlevelsofcellsuicide,orapoptosisaseparateprocessthathasbeenasubjectofresearchthroughoutthe1990s.

Takentogether,these(findings)clearlysuggestthatHIVkeepsthe(immune)systeminstateofconstantactivation,andunbalancesitinfour(ways):bytrappingmaturecells,bykillingasmallbutsignificant(number)ofcellsdirectly.Theircombinedimpactleavestheimmunesystemdepletedandunableto(copewith)opportunisticinfections.

Howwillanyofthisaffecttreatments?Wouldbetterknowledgeofthewaysin(which)thevirusdisturbstheimmunesystemenableresearchersto(rebuild)it,broadeningthedepletedrepertoireofCD4cells?Roederer,atleast,thinksthatdrugsthatdirectlyaffecttheimmunesystemwillbeneeded.

Othersgo(further).JayLevyattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,worriesthat(prolonged)treatmentwithcocktailsofantiviral(drugs)mightevenfooltheimmunesystemand“putittorest”,bykeepinglevelsofHIVsolowinthebody(that)theyfailtotriggeranyimmuneresponses(atall).Thisnightmakeindividualswhostop(taking)thedurgsevenmorevulnerable.He(argues)thatimmune-restoringtreatmentsshouldbegiven(alongside)antiviraldrugs.Already,someresearchersareworkingonnovelapproachessuchasdevelopinggeneticallyengineeredTcellstoreplacelostCD4cells.Unit4

TransactionrefertothroughacrossfocusoncoveratalllevelsofnothinginthecaseofcomeintonecessarilymakecommunitybepreparedtohaveaccesstoEconomic“globalization”isahistoricalprocess,theresultofhumaninnovationandtechnologicalprogress.Itreferstotheincreasingintegrationofeconomiesaroundtheworld,particularlythroughtradeandfinancialflows.Thetermsometimesalso()themovementofpeople(labor)andknowledge(technology)()internationalborders.Therearealsobroadercultural,politicalandenvironmentaldimensionsofglobalizationthatarenot()here.

Atitsmostbasic,thereis()mysteriousaboutglobalization.Theterm()commonusagesincethe1980s,reflectingtechnologicaladvancesthat()iteasierandquickertocompleteinternational()---bothtradeandfinancialflows.Itreferstoanextensionbeyondnationalbordersofthesamemarketforcesthathaveoperatedforcenturies()humaneconomicactivity---villagemarkets,urbanindustries,orfinancialcenters.

Marketspromoteefficiency()competitionandthedivisionoflaborthespecializationthatallowspeopleandeconomiesto()whattheydobest.Globalmatketsoffergreateropportunityforpeopletotapintomoreandlargermarketsaroundtheworld.Itmeansthattheycan()morecapitalflows,technology,cheaperimports,andlargerexportmarkets.Butmarketsdonot()ensurethatthebenefitsofincreasedefficiencyaresharedbyall.Countriesmust()embracethepoliciesneeded,and()thepoorestcountriesmayneedthesupportoftheinternational()astheydoso.

在這些變化和轉折中，我們對生活方式的看法要經歷四個感知方面的微妙變化：第一，在內心中對自己和他人的看法；第二，在生活中的各種威脅面前所具有的安全感；第三是我們對時間的認識，是感到來日方長，還是開始感到時日無多？最后是對自己的精力和活力的直覺意識，是感到精力充沛，還是感到力不從心？這些都是我們內心里產生的若明若暗的感覺，他們構成了我們生活的基調，影響著我們采取行動前的種種決定。

人生這一階段的任務是，在同齡人中、在性別角色中、在期望的職業(yè)中、以及在思想意識和世界觀方面確立自己的位置。這樣，我們既有了離家獨立的動力，也有了離家獨立的心理準備。

由于幻想的鼓舞和支持以及對自己的意志充滿信心，我們在二十歲時普遍認定自己所選擇的道路是人生真正的事業(yè)所在。如果有人說我們很想自己的父母，說我們的言行舉止是父母二十多年來教育和熏陶的結果，我們會很不高興。

幾年之后此病毒從剛果荒蠻濃密的叢林中爆發(fā)出來。一旦流傳開來，它就隨著反叛部隊穿越大陸的各個戰(zhàn)區(qū)；隨著貨車司機駛過各個妓院；最終，可能隨著空中乘務員飛往美國，并在那里于20世紀80年代初被發(fā)現(xiàn)。

在津巴布韋的25個受監(jiān)控的地區(qū)，懷孕的婦女接受了HIV病毒的檢測。1997年只有兩個地區(qū)顯示其感染率在10%以下。

這是因為在貧窮國家許多人對正常的經濟發(fā)展不起作用。說得再殘酷些，在一個擁有大量非技術勞力的國家里，死去的勞力很容易被取代。

當一家之主染上了艾滋病，他或她的家庭損失就不是一個人的事了。以為不只是他的收入沒有了，

他的親屬還要花時間和金錢去照料他。

泰國政府認為沒有必要向肯尼亞那樣由于害怕嚇走了旅游者而淡化HIV傳播的嚴重性。泰國人被

反復告知HIV的危害性，以及如何避免它，最后由他們自己去做出選擇。

近四年來，病毒引起免疫系統(tǒng)災難性崩潰從而導致艾滋病這一理論一直主宰著人類對HIV的研究。但是這種理論的一致性現(xiàn)在正在動搖，部分原因是由于免疫學家費蘭克。米德馬領導的一支荷蘭小組對HIV的研究工作。如果荷蘭小組是正確的話，其影響將是深遠的。感染HIV的人將有望得到新方法的治療。而一些話費幾十億美元的研究項目中最具權威的理論就會被推翻。

總體而言，世界貿易組織采納了有利與跨國商務活動的規(guī)則，拒絕了商務活動反對的規(guī)則。世界貿易組織的政策遭到了來自“民間社團”的代表，如工會、消費者積極分子、環(huán)境保護主義者、土著民居、婦女團體等的反對。墨西哥在執(zhí)行北美自由貿易協(xié)定不久，貨幣危機使國家陷入經濟蕭條，小業(yè)主們也走向街頭反對“自由貿易”。不同意北部聯(lián)盟有關勞動保護條款的南半球的貧窮國家也認為世界貿易組織并不為大多數(shù)人謀福利。

擴展閱讀：當代研究生英語課后習題答案(上冊、下冊)總結好的,供期末考試用

一、VocabularyA根據(jù)定義寫單詞Unit1

InthepastformerlyIncludeembraceman-madeartificialcontrolsystematicallyregulateexactlypreciselyundesiredunwantedirrelevantextraneoushavingintensefeelingpassionate

aimtowardbetargetedtonotfarawayathandbechargedforbesendforUnit3

ContainingmanydetailedpartsandthusdifficulttounderstandintricateNearlycorrectbutnotexactlyapproximatelyAsuddenshakingoftheEarthssurfaceearthquakeHavingmanydifferentkindsofskillsorabilitiesversatileStandingapart,separateasistobealoneisolatedTheoppositeinposition;theotherwayaroundreverseInadditionto;alsoaswellasDependingoneachother;necessarytoeachotherinterdependentIncreaseinnumberbygivingbirthtooffspringmultiplyEatsomethinginordertostayaliveorsubsistliveonDestroycompletelykilloffNotinitsexactoraccuratepositionoutoftrueProvidewithproperornecessaryskills,knowledgeetc.quality(not)inanyway(not)atallAsaresultfromanaturalimpulseortendencyspontaneously

Unit5

Learnanddiscover(afactthatwashidden)findoutAgroupofpeoplelivingtogetherbysharedinterests,religion,etc.communityChangeintosomethingofdifferentformorpropertiesconvertHaveaclearmeaningwakesenseAstateofverystrongfeeling,esp.ofjoyandhappinessecstasyTaketheplaceofreplacetosomeextent;somewhatmoreorlessatthelowestestimateorfigureatleastnoteasilymanaged;hardtotreat,relieve,orcureintractableunderstand;figureoutthemeaningofmakeout下冊：Unit3

1.Ageneralagreenmentconsensus2.Breakintosmallpiecescrumble3.Ofthegreatestimportancevital4.Mostcommonprevailing

5.Becomegraduallyfewerorsmallerdwindle6.Callintoquestiondispute

7.Apersonwhoarguesinfavorofsomethingproponent8.Anauthoritativeprincipleorbeliefdogma9.Largeinamountmassive10.Explaininterpret11.Suspicionhunch

12.Baffleorconfusepuzzle

UNIT5

1.Emerged

2.Launch3.Gap4.declined5.Medium-sized6.procedures7.Crucial8diverse9.transaction10.regulating11.representatives12.depression13.implementation14.provisions二、選詞填空

下冊：UNIT1

UNIT2

三、翻譯UNIT11.Thepossibilityofarealmarket-styleevolutionofgovernanceisathand.一種真正的市場型管理模式很快成為可能。

2.Incyberspace,we`llabletotestandevolverulesgoverningwhatneedstobegoverned----intellectualproperty,contentandaccesscontrol,rulesaboutprivacyandfreespeech.

在信息空間，我們將能夠檢驗并完善所需要的管理制度-----知識產權制度、服務內容與使用權的控制制度、個人隱私權與自由言論制度等3.Somecommunitieswillallowanyonein;otherswillrestrictaccesstomemberswho

qualifyononebasisoranother.

有些群體允許任何人加入，而有一些則只允許符合這樣或那樣條件的人加入。

4.Thosecommunitiesthatproveself-sustainingwillprosper(andperhapsgrowandsplit

intosubsetswithever-more-particularinterestsandidentities).

能夠自持的群體會興旺發(fā)展（或許也會因為知趣與身份日趨特殊，而發(fā)展成為幾個

分支）。

Thosethatcan`tsurvive----eitherbecausepeopleloseinterestorgetscaredoff----willsimplywitheraway.

有些群體或因為成員失去興趣，或因為成員被嚇跑而不能幸存下來，它們將漸漸萎縮消亡。Unit2

Oncetheproblemisunderstood,improvementcomesnaturally.一旦問題得到理解，情況自然有所改善。Womenwhofeelabandonedanddeprivedwhentheirhusbandswon"tlistentoorreport

dailynewsmaybehappytodiscovertheirhusbandstryingtoadaptoncetheyunderstandtheplaceofsmalltalkinwomen"srelationships.

那些通常因丈夫不傾聽或不談論每天發(fā)生的事情而感到被遺棄、感到喪失生活樂趣的女性會高興的發(fā)現(xiàn)，她們的丈夫一旦知道了不起眼的談話在女性關系中的地位后，正努力地在適應Butiftheirhusbandsdon"tadapt,thewomenmaystillbecomfortedthatformen,

thisisnotafailureofintimacy.

如果丈夫不適應，妻子仍然能夠得到安慰，因為她知道，對男人來說，這不是不親密的表現(xiàn)。

Acceptingthedifference,thewivesmaylooktotheirfriendsorfamilyforthatkindoftalk.

當妻子接受了男女存在區(qū)別這一事實后，便會去找自己的朋友或家人說一說話。

Andhusbandswhocan"tprovideitshouldn"tfeeltheirwiveshavemadeunreasonable

demands.

那些不能夠給予妻子談話快樂的丈夫，也不應該覺得妻子提出了無理要求。

Somecoupleswillstilldecidetodivorce,butatleasttheirdecisionswillbebasedon

realisticexpectations.

仍然會有一些夫妻決定離婚，但起碼他們的決定是建立在比較現(xiàn)實的期望基礎上的。UNIT3

Whenitfirstcameintobeing,theEarthverylikelylackedwhatwewouldtodaycallan

oceanandanatmosphere.

在地球形成的初期，上面很可能沒有我們今天稱之為海洋和大氣層之類的東西。Between2billionand3billionyearsago,portionsofthesurfacewater,bathedbythe

energeticradiationfromtheSun,developedcomplicatedcompoundsinorganizationsufficientlyversatiletoqualifyaswhatwecall“l(fā)ife”.

在20億到30億年前期間，一部分地球表面的水在太陽能的作用下，形成了結構復

雜的化合物，這些化合物靈活多變，足以形成我們稱之為“生命”的東西。

Theentireplanetisalifeformmadeupofnonlivingportionsandalargevarietyofliving

portions(asourownbodyismadeupofnonlivingcrystalsinbonesandnonlivingwaterinblood,aswellasofalargevarietyoflivingportions).

整個星球是一種由無機部分和各種各樣的有機生命構成的生命形式（正如我們自己

的身體，既是由各種各樣的有機部分構成，又是由骨骼中的無機晶體和血液中的無積水分所構成）。

Inthesameway,onaplanetaryscale,thechoppingdownofanentireforestmaynot

threatenEarth"slifeingeneral,butitwillproduceseriouschangesinthelifeformsoftheregionandeveninthenatureofthewaterrunoffand,therefore,inthedetailsofgeologicalstructure.

5.同樣，從全球的規(guī)�？紤]，砍掉一整片森林在總體上不會對地球生命構成威脅，但

是這樣做會對該地區(qū)的生態(tài)形成嚴重的影響，甚至會造成水的流失，從而引起地質結構的細微變化。

Barringinterferencefromoutside,theeatersandtheeatenretaintheirpropernumbers,

andbotharethebetterforit.

如果排除外界的干擾，食肉動物和被吃動物都保持一個適當?shù)臄?shù)量，這樣對雙方都

有好處。ThepresentrateofincreaseofEarth"sswarminghumanpopulationqualifiesHomo

sapiensasanecologicalcancer,whichwilldestroytheecologyjustassurelyasanyordinarycancerwoulddestroyanorganism.

目前世界人口的急劇增長率使人類可以被稱為生態(tài)惡性腫瘤。這種惡性腫瘤肯定會

摧毀生態(tài)環(huán)境，正如普通的癌細胞會摧毀人的肌體一樣。

Unit4

Theflowofnoveltiesinvocabulary,inidiom,eveninpronunciation,isnow

overwhelminglyeastward.

新詞匯、新習語、甚至新發(fā)音都已無法抗拒的勢力源源不斷傳入東方。

WeseldomborrowanEnglishwordorphrasesanymore,thoughweusedtoborrow

many;buttheEnglishtakeinourinventionsalmostasfastaswecanlaunchthem.

從前我們常常借用很多英語詞或短語，但現(xiàn)在很少這樣做。但英語卻吸納我們創(chuàng)造

的詞，我們創(chuàng)造有多快，其吸納的速度幾乎就有多快。

TheAmericancanmovie,Isuppose,islargelyresponsibleforthischange,butthereare

unquestionablydeepercausestoo.

我認為，美國電影固然對這一變化起了很大作用，但毫無疑問，還有更深刻的原因。Englishisstillabittight,abitstiff,morethanalittleartificial.英語依然有點太嚴格、有點僵硬，且過于矯揉造作。

ButAmericanhasgoneondevelopingwithalmostElizabethanprodigality.而美語的發(fā)

展卻像伊麗莎白時代一樣繁榮。

Alltheprocessesofword-formationthatwereinoperationinShakespearesEnglandare

stillinoperationhere,andtheyproduceasteadystreamofneologismsthatewouldhaverelishedasjoyfullyasherelishedthenoveltiesactuallyproducedinhistime.

所有那些在英國莎士比亞時代應用的構詞方法，現(xiàn)在依然在美國應用著，新詞源源

不斷地產生。如果沙翁健在這些新詞一定會使他欣喜若狂，就像他所生活的時代產生的新詞曾使他欣喜若狂一樣

UNIT5

Thegoalofscienceistofindouthowtheworldworks,toseekwhatregularitiestheremaybe,topenetratetotheconnectionsofthings---fromsubnuclearparticles,whichmaybetheconstituentsofallmatter,tolivingorganisms,thehumansocialcommunity,andthencetothecosmosasawhole.

科學的目的是弄清世界的運行特點，尋求其間可能存在的規(guī)律，洞察事物之間的聯(lián)系----從構成一切物質的亞核粒子，到生物有機體，人類社會群體，以至整個宇宙。

Everyculturehasposedsuchquestionsinonewayoranother.Almostalwaysthe

proposedanswersareinthenatureof“JustSoStories”,attemptedexplanationsdivorcedfromexperiment,orevenfromcarefulcomparativeobservations.世界上每一文化群體都以這樣或那樣的方式提出過這些問題。而所提供的答案幾乎

都帶有“就這么回事”的性質，這些嘗試性的解釋總是脫離實驗，甚至沒有經過細心的比較觀察。

Topenetrateintotheheartofthething---evenalittlething,abladeofgrass,asWalt

Whitmansaid---istoexperienceakindofexhilarationthat,itmaybe,onlyhumanbeingsofallthebeingsonthisplanetcanfeel.

要透徹的領悟一件事物，哪怕是很小的一件東西---比如惠特曼所說的一片草葉，也

會經歷一種喜悅，這種喜悅，在整個世界的所有生靈中只有人類才能感受到。Andsometimeswehearpronouncementsfromscientistswhoconfidentlystatethat

everythingworthknowingwillsoonbeknow---orevenisalreadyknownandwhopaintpicturesofaDionysianageinwhichthezestforintellectualdiscoveryhaswithered,tobeplacedbyakindofsubduedlanguor,thelotus-eatersdrinkingfermentedcoconutmilkorsomeothermildhallucinogen.

有時我們聽到一些科學家發(fā)表的宣言，他們充滿信心的宣稱，每一件值得弄清的事

物都會很快為大家所知，或者說有些已經眾所周之。他們描繪的是狄奧尼修斯和波利尼西亞時代的圖畫，在這些畫中，人們對知識探索的熱情已經減退，取而代之的是一種被征服的怠惰，成了飲用發(fā)酵椰子汁和其他一些溫和迷幻劑的安逸度日者。Ifwecouldshrinkourselvesintothiscrystallineworld,wecouldseerankuponrankof

atomsinanorderedarray,aregularlyalternatingstructure---sodium,chlorine,sodiumchlorine,specifyingthesheetofatomswearestandingonandallthesheetsaboveusandbelowus.

如果我們可以縮小身體進入這個晶體世界，我們可以看見一排排原子形成有序的點

陣，呈一種有規(guī)律的交替結構---鈉原子、氯原子、氯化鈉原子，這些點陣精確的勾畫出我們所站的這一層原子以及在我們頭上、頭下的所有原子層的示意圖。

下冊：UNIT1

1.Duringeachofthesepassages,howwefeelaboutourwayoflivingwillundergosubtle

changesinfourareasofperception.Oneistheinteriorsenseofselfinrelationtoothers.

在這些變化和轉折中，我們對生活方式的看法要經歷四個感知方面的微妙變化：第一，在內心中對自己和他人的看法；

1.Asecondistheproportionofsafenesstodangerwefeelinourlives.Athirdisour

perceptionoftimedowehaveplentyofit,orarewebeginningtofeelthattimeisrunningout?

第二，在生活的各種威脅面前所具有的安全感；第三是我們對時間的認識，是感到來日方長，還是開始感到時日無多？

1.Last,therewillbesomeshiftatthegutlevelinoursenseofalivenessorstagnation.These

arethehazysensationsthatcomposethebackgroundtoneoflivingandshapethedecisionsonwhichwetakeaction.

最后是對自己的精力和活力的直覺意識，是感到精力充沛，還是感到力不從心？這些都是在我們內心里產生的若明若暗的感覺，它們構成了我們生活的基調，影響著我們采取行動前的種種決定。

1.Thetasksofthispassagearetolocateourselvesinapeergrouprole,asexrole,an

anticipatedoccupation,anideologyorworldview.人生這一階段的任務是，在同齡人中，在性別角色中，在期望的職業(yè)中，以及在思想意識和世界觀方面確立自己的位置。

2.Asaresult,wegathertheimpetustoleavehomephysicallyandtheidentitytobegin

leavinghomeemotionally.

這樣，我們既有了離家獨立的動力，也有了離家獨立的心理準備。

1.Buoyedbypowerfulillusionsandbeliefinthepowerofthewill,wecommonlyinsistin

ourtewntiesthatwhatwehavechosentodoistheonetruecourseinlife.由于幻想的鼓舞和支持以及對自己意志充滿信心，我們在二十幾歲時普遍認定自己選擇的道路是人生真正的事業(yè)所在。

2.Ourbacksgoupatthemeresthintthatwearelikeourparents,thattwodecadesof

parentaltrainingmightbereflectedinourcurrentactionsandattitudes.

如果有人說我們很想自己的父母，說我們的言行舉止是父母二十多年來教育和熏陶的結果，我們會很不高興Unit2

IttookseveralyearsforthevirustobreakoutofCongo"sdenseandsparselypopulatedjunglesbut,onceitdid,itmarchedwithrebelarmiesthroughthecontinent"snumerouswarzones,幾年之后此病毒從剛果荒蠻濃密的從林中爆發(fā)出來。一旦流傳開來，它就隨著反叛部隊穿越大陸的各個戰(zhàn)區(qū)；

rodewithtruckersfromonerest-stopbrotheltothenest,andeventuallyflew,perhapswithanairsteward,toAmerica,whereitwasdiscoveredintheearly1980s.

隨著貨車司機駛過各個妓院；最終，可能隨著空中乘務員飛往美國，并在那里于20世紀80年代初被發(fā)現(xiàn)。

Ofthe25monitoringsitesinZimbabwewherepregnantwomenaretestedforHIV,onlytwoin1997showedprevalencebelow10%.

在津巴布韋的25個受監(jiān)控的地區(qū)，懷孕的婦女接收了HIV病毒的檢測。1997年只有兩個地區(qū)顯示其感染率在10%以下。

Thisisbecausesomanypeopleinpoorcountriesdonotcontributemuchtotheformaleconomy.Toputitevenmorecrudely,wherethereisahugeoversupplyofunskilledlabour,thedeadcaneasilybereplaced.

這是因為在貧困國家許多人對正常的經濟發(fā)展不起作用。說的再殘酷些，在一個擁有大量非技術勞力的國家里，死去的勞力很容易被取代

WhenabreadwinnerdevelopsAIDS,his(orher)familyisimpoverishedtwiceover:hisincomevanishes,andhisrelationsmustdevotetimeandmoneytonursinghim.

當一家之主染上了艾滋病，他或她的家庭損失就不是一個人的事了。因為不止是他的收入沒有了，他的親屬還要花時間和金錢去照料他。

TherewasnoattempttoplaydownthespreadofHIVtoavoidscaringofftourists,ashappenedinKenya.Thaiwererepeatedlywarnedofthedangers,toldhowtoavoidthem,andlefttomaketheirownchoices.

泰國政府認為沒有必要像肯尼亞那樣由于害怕嚇走了旅游者而淡化HIV傳播的嚴重性。泰國人被反復告知HIV的危害性，以及如何避免它，最后由他們自己去做出選擇。

UNIT3

Foralmostfouryears,researchintoHIVhasbeendominatedbyasingletheoryabouthowtheviruscausesthecatastrophiccollapseoftheimmunedefencesthatleadstoAIDS.Buttheconsensusonthisthetheoryisnowcrumbling,thanksinparttotheworkofaDutchteamledbyimmunologistFrankMiedema.

近四年來，病毒引起免疫系統(tǒng)災難性崩潰從而導致艾滋病這一理論一直主宰著人類對HIV的研究。但是這種理論的一致性現(xiàn)在正在動搖，部分原因是由于免疫學家弗蘭克-米德馬領導的一支荷蘭小組對HIV的研究工作。

IftheDutchteamisright,theconsequenceswillbeprofound.PeoplewithHIVmayhopefornewtypesoftreatment.Andsomeofthemostcherisheddogmasofamultibillion-dollarresearchindustrymaybeoverturned.

如果荷蘭小組是正確的話，其影響將是深遠的。感染HIV的人將有望得到新方法的治療。而一些花費幾十億美元的研究項目中最具權威的理論就會被推翻。Unit4

Ingeneral,theWTOhasadoptedruleswhichareintheinterestoftrans-nationalbusinessandrejectedrulesbybusiness.WTOpolicieshavebeenprotestedbyrepresentativesof“civilsociety”,suchasunions,consumeractivists,environmentalists,indigenouspeople,andwomensgroups.

總體而言，世界貿易組織采納了有利于跨國商務活動的規(guī)則，拒絕了商務活動反對的規(guī)則。世界貿易組織的政策遭到了來自“民間社團”的代表，如工會、消費者積極分子、環(huán)境保護主義者、土著居民、婦女團體等的反對。

InMexico,whereacurrencycrisisthrewthenationintodepressionshortlyafterimplementationofNAFTA,smallbusinessownerswereinthestreet,too,opposing“freetrade”.Poorcountriesoftheglobalsouth,whichdisagreewithnorthernunionsoverlaborprotections,agreetheWTOisnotworkingintheinterestsofmostpeople.

墨西哥在執(zhí)行北美貿易協(xié)定不久，貨幣危機使國家陷入經濟蕭條，小業(yè)主們也走向街頭反對“自由貿易”。不同意北部聯(lián)盟有關勞動保護條款的南半球的貧窮國家也認為世界貿易組織并不為大多數(shù)人謀福利。Unit

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