高二英語必修五unit1語法總結(jié)

Unit1語法重點(diǎn)

非謂語動(dòng)詞：todo/doing一、動(dòng)詞不定式

不定式可以用來做主語、表語、定語、狀語、賓語、獨(dú)立成分，表示比較具體的意義。（1）做主語

①動(dòng)詞不定式短語

Tomasteraforeignlanguageisnoeasyjob.Toseethisfilmistowastetime.Tosolvethisproblemisoutofthequestion

②為平衡整個(gè)句子，避免頭重腳輕，常用it做形式主語，而將真正主語不定式放后面，用于這種形式是一些特定的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：

1）謂語部分是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表語是某些形容詞或名詞。例如：Itisfoolishtodointhisway.Itsoundsreasonabletodoitthisway.2）某些動(dòng)詞做謂語時(shí)。例如：Ittookmuchtimetodothis.Itmakesusexcitedtothinkaboutthat.(2)做表語

表示打算、計(jì)劃、命令和要求，用于appear,seem,happen等系動(dòng)詞后面Suchquestionsaretobeavoided.Whathesaidprovedtobetrue.Heseemstobeill.(3)做定語

做定語時(shí)不定式一般緊跟其所修飾名詞或代詞后面。例如：Hewasthefirstonetocomethismorning.Hedidn’thavethechancetogotoschoolinthepast.

如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，應(yīng)注意其相應(yīng)介詞的搭配。例如：Hehasnothingtoworryabout.

Sheisaverynicepersontoworkwith.(4)作狀語

不定式作狀語可以表示目的、原因和結(jié)果。

①表目的常用inorderto,soasto,等結(jié)構(gòu)但soasto只能放在主句之后。Checkyourhomeworksoastoavoidmistakes.

Shegoeshome(inorder)toseehergrandmothereveryweek.

②表結(jié)果常用onlytodo,enoughtodo,too…todo等句型，不定式短語作結(jié)果狀語具有“意料之外”之意。

Heistooexcitedtospeakanything.

Ihurriedtohishouse,onlytofindhimout.③原因

Sheseemedsurprisedtoseeus.

Heissorryforwhathedidtothinkofhispast.

-不定式作方式狀語時(shí)，通常采用asif或asthough+to的結(jié)構(gòu)，其意為“好像要……”。

Heraisedhishandasiftohitme.

Shetookoutapenandapieceofpaperasthoughtowritesomething.(5)做賓語①某些及物動(dòng)詞要用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語,以下及物動(dòng)詞常用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語：agree,ask,attempt,choose,continue,decide,desire,determine,expect,forget,

hope,,intend,learn,manage,mean,offer,prefer,,promise,refuse,try，want,wish等。例如：

②動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語時(shí)，如其后有補(bǔ)足語，則可以用先行語it作形式賓語，而將真正賓語動(dòng)詞不定式后移，用于該形式的常見動(dòng)詞有：believe,consider,feel,guess,imagine,know,make,prove,realize,see,show,suppose,think,understand,find等。例如：Ifeltituselessforustosayanythingfurther.

Imadeitaruletogetupearly,takeacoldbath,andthendosomerunning.(6)做賓語補(bǔ)足語

①帶to的不定式做賓補(bǔ)

有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的及物動(dòng)詞或短語可以接帶to的不定式做賓補(bǔ)。例如：Ishalltrytopersuadehertoseethedoctor.Thevillagersdidn’tallowthemtodothis.Iwillaskthemtoleavethecompany.Ishallpersuadehimtotakethemedicine.②不帶to的不定式做賓補(bǔ)

也有一些及物動(dòng)詞后接不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，常見的有使役動(dòng)詞類：make,let,have；感官動(dòng)詞類：see,watch,lookat,notice,observe,hear,listento,smell,feel等。但在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中要帶to(let除外)。例如：Someonesawhimentermyroom.Hewasseentoentermyroom.Theboymadethebabylaugh.Thebabywasmadetolaugh(7)“疑問詞+不定式”相當(dāng)于這些疑問代詞和副詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。常見引導(dǎo)該形式的動(dòng)詞有：decide,findout,forget,inquire,know,learn,remember,see,settle,think,在句子中可以做主語、賓語或表語。例如：

Whattodonexthasnotbeendecided.=Whatwilldonexthasnotbeendecided.Whatworriesmemostishowtodoit.=Whatworriesmemostishowwewilldoit.Idon’tknowwhentoleave.=Idon’tknowwhenwewillleave.

(10)動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

①不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)做主語時(shí)，常見用兩種特定句型:“Itis+adj.for/ofsb.todosth.”和“Itis+n.ofsb.todosth”。例：

Itiseasyforustounderstandthesentence.Itiscleverofyoutodothat.

二、動(dòng)名詞

動(dòng)名詞是一種非謂語形式，起名詞的作用，但帶有動(dòng)詞的特征，可以有自己的賓語和狀語，構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語。1.動(dòng)名詞的用法(1)做主語

①動(dòng)名詞做主語表示比較抽象、習(xí)慣性和經(jīng)常性的意義.例如：Sayingiseasierthandoing.Collectingstampsisagoodhobby.②為平衡整個(gè)句子，避免頭重腳輕，常用it做形式主語，而將真正主語不定式放后面，用于這種形式是一些特定的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：

1)謂語部分是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表語是某些形容詞。例如：It’sinterestingplanningaholiday.It’srathertiringwalkingaroundinacity.2)當(dāng)use，good，waste，bore，fun，shame，encouragement，等名詞作表語時(shí)，通常用it作形式主語，把作為真正主語的動(dòng)名詞后置。例如：

It’snousetalkingtohimagain.=Thereisnousetalkingtohimagain.It’snogoodrefusingtodoit.=Thereisnogoodrefusingtodoit.

(2)作賓語

某些動(dòng)詞或短語動(dòng)詞后面可以接動(dòng)名詞,見下表：特定動(dòng)詞+doingavoid,admit,advise,allow,permit,bear,stand,delayconsider,complete,finish,risk,mind,miss,imagine,enjoy,,practise,suggest等短語動(dòng)詞+doingbeworth,can’thelp,can’tstand,feellike,insiston,succeedin,giveup,spend/wastetime/money(in),have/finddifficulty/trouble/time(in)等①放在介詞on;upon，after等后面時(shí)，例如：OnarrivingBeijing,hewenttoseehisfriend.

Afterstandinginthequeueforhours,wegotgoodseats.③有些后面可跟動(dòng)名詞也可以跟不定式，意義區(qū)別不大。常見的動(dòng)詞有：start,like,hate,love,continue,prefer,attempt,intend,propose等。Hebeganlearning(tolearn)Englishattheageoffive.

④有些動(dòng)詞后面可跟動(dòng)名詞也可以跟不定式，意義區(qū)別大。見下表：

trytodosth.（努力去做）trydoingsth.（試著、嘗試做）remembertodosth（記得要做）rememberdoingsth.（記得做過）forgettodosth.（忘記要做某事）forgetdoingsth.(忘記做過某事）meantodosth.（打算做某事）meandoingsth.（意味著）can’thelptodosth.（不能幫助做某事）can’thelpdoingsth.（禁不住做某事）stoptodosth.（停下來去做另一件事）stopdoingsth.（停止做某事）goontodosth.（接下來做另一件事）goondoingsth.（繼續(xù)做同一件事）regrettodosth（遺憾要做某事）regretdoingsth（后悔做過某事）(3)作表語

相當(dāng)于名詞，說明主語動(dòng)作的情況和狀態(tài)。例如：

MyjobisteachingEnglish.

Herjobistakingcareofthechildren.

Ourdutyisservingthepeople.=Ourdutyistoservethepeople.(4)作定語

說明所修飾詞的性質(zhì)，具有名詞的性質(zhì)，它同所修飾的名詞間不存在主謂關(guān)系。alivingroom=aroomforlivingaswimmingpool=apoolforswimmingawalingstick=astickforwalking

(5)動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

動(dòng)名詞之前的名詞，如果是有生命的，通常用所屬格表示，如果是無生命的，則用通格表示，現(xiàn)在有一種趨勢用名詞和代詞代替所有格。Hiscomingwon’thelpmuch.Theyinsistedonourstayingthere.DoyourememberMarycomingtoseeyou?Idon’tmindyour(you)smoking.

Wearehappyabouthiscomingtoseeus.Heinsistedonbeingsenttothehardarea.

(6)動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義

①beworth后接動(dòng)名詞時(shí)。

Thisbookiswellworthreading.=Thebookisworthtoberead.

②need，want，require，bear，stand等動(dòng)詞后面可用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)意義，但用不定式時(shí)則只能用被動(dòng)形式。

Theoldmanneedslookingafter/tobelookedafter.

Exercise

從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。

1.Shesaidshe___heruncleverymuchandhoped____him.A.missed,tohearfromB.missed,tohearC.misses,hearingfromD.misses,hearing

2.______aliving,shehadtoworkfrommorningtillnight.A.TomakeB.madeC.MakingD.Tohavemade

3.MrsBrownregretted____hisson.A.beatedB.beatingC.beatD.beaten

4.Ioftenhearhim___aboutthegreatwriter.A.totalkB.talkC.speakingD.totell

5.Missingthelastbusmeans___home.A.towalkB.walkingC.walkedD.walk

6.Pauldoesn"thavetobemade____.Healwaysworkshard.A.studyB.tostudyC.studiedD.studying

7.Itwasunbelievablethatthefanswaitedoutsidethegymforthreehoursjust____alookatthesportsstarts.A.hadB.havingC.tohaveD.have

8.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim__.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donot9.Ididn"thearyoucomeinlastnight.That"sgood.Wetired___noisy.A.nottoB.tobenotC.tobeD.nottobe

10.IhearthatyouandFranciswillspendyourvacationinNepalnextspring.Yes,weareplanning_____.

A.toB.tobeC.itD.todoit

11.IcanhardlyimaginePeter____acrosstheAtlanticOceaninfivedays.A.sailB.tosailC.sailingD.tohavesailed

12.Thelightintheofficeisstillon.Oh,Iforgot_____A.turningitoffB.turnitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff13.Iwouldappreciate____backthisafternoon.A.youtocallB.youcallC.yourcallingD.you’recalling

14.Howaboutthetwoofus____awalkdownthegarden?A.TotakeB.takeC.takingD.tobetaking

15.Imustapologizefor____aheadoftime.That’allright.A.lettingyounotknowB.notlettingyouknowC.lettingyouknownotD.lettingnotyouknow

16.Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.Well,nowIregret____that.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone

17.Hehasalwaysinsistedonhis___DrTurnerinsteadofMrTurner.A.beencalledB.calledC.havingcalledD.beingcalled

18.Doyoumind___aloneathome?A.JaneleavingB.JanehavingleftC.Jane’sbeingleftD.Janetobeleft

19.Shelooksforwardeveryspringto___theflower-linedgarden.A.visitB.payingavisitC.walkinD.walkingin

20.Onceyourbusinessbecomesinternational,___constantlywillbepartofyourlife.A.youflyB.yourflightC.flightD.flying21.Whileshopping,peoplesometimescan’thelp___intobuyingsomethingthey

don’treallyneed.A.topersuadeB.persuadingC.beingpersuadedD.bepersuaded

22.WhatdoyouthinkmadeMarysoupset?___hernewbicycle.A.AsshelostB.LostC.LosingD.Becauseoflosing23.Letmetellyousomethingaboutthejournalists.Don’tyouremember___thestoryyesterday?A.toldB.tellingC.totellD.tohavetold

24.Onelearnsalanguagebymakingmistakesand___them.A.correctB.CorrectingC.correctsD.tocorrect

25.Fishingishisfavoritehobby,and____.A.he’dliketocollectcoinaswellB.hefeelslikecollectingcoins,tooC.tocollectcoinsisalsohishobbyD.collectingcoinsalsogiveshimgreatpleasure

擴(kuò)展閱讀：譯林牛津版高二英語必修五unit1 知識點(diǎn)及語法總結(jié)

譯林牛津版高二英語必修五unit1知識點(diǎn)及語法總結(jié)

Welcometotheunit&Reading

I.

重點(diǎn)單詞

1.betray.vt.

1)出賣；背叛

Hewouldratherdiethanbetrayhiscountrytotheenemy.2)顯露；泄露

Theexpressiononherfacebetraysheranger.2.pretend.vt/vi

1)vt.假裝，佯裝,后接不定式和從句做賓語。Shepretendedtobereading.她假裝在看書。2）vi.假裝

Shewasn’treallycrying,shewasonlypretending.3.admit.vt

1)承認(rèn)；供認(rèn)

admitdoingsth.承認(rèn)做某事admittosb.向某人承認(rèn)Headmittedhiscrime.2)許可進(jìn)入，準(zhǔn)許進(jìn)入

admitsb.to/into---接納某人進(jìn)入...;吸收某人參加...HeisadmittedtoNanjingUniversitythisyear.3)容納,容許

Thecinemaadmitsabout201*people.

4)admitof容許有;有...可能;容有...的余地Hisillnessadmitsofnodelay.4.swear.vt/vi發(fā)誓；鄭重承諾；咒罵

sweartosb./swearthat從句向某人承諾發(fā)誓swearswore---sworn5.focus.n/vt/vi1)n.焦點(diǎn)，注意力

putfocuson集中注意力于…..2)vi/vt

focuson集中注意力于….近義詞組：concentrateonpayfullattentiontodevote…to

6.guilty.adj有罪的1)beguiltyof“犯了罪”

Intheprocessofgainingourrightfulplace,wemustnotbeguiltyofwrongfuldeeds.2)befoundguilty被判決有罪Maggiecouldbesentencedtouptothreeyearsinprisionif(hewas)foundguilty.7.remark.Vt/n評論

makeremarksonsth=makecommentsonsth對…作出評論8.apologize.vi道歉

apologizetosb=makeanapologytosb向某人道歉9.sensitive.adj敏感的;體貼的besensitiveto對…體貼，敏感10.blame.n/vt責(zé)備

1)n.putblameonsb責(zé)備某人2)vt.blamesbforsth因某事責(zé)備某人blamesthonsb把某事歸咎于某人Heblamedhisfaiureonhisteacher.

sbbetoblame=sbshouldbeblamed主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)Youaretoblame.你應(yīng)該受責(zé)備。11.gifted.adj=talented有天賦的1)begiftedfor/as有…天賦2)haveagiftfor有…天賦

II.重點(diǎn)詞組

1.begsbtodosth懇求某人做某事2.stareat凝視

glareat怒視gazeat瞪眼看

3.keepone’sword守諾言

breakone’sword食言haveawordwith與…交談haveawordswith與…吵架4.feellikedoing想要做某事

soundlike聽起來像5.gostraightto徑直去…6.spyon監(jiān)視

watchover看管

7.keeppacewith與…協(xié)調(diào)一致

keepupwith跟上8.asaresultof由于

becauseof=dueto=owingto由于asaresult結(jié)果resultin導(dǎo)致

resultfrom源于，由于9.turninto轉(zhuǎn)變成

turnup出現(xiàn)，出席turnout結(jié)果是turnsbdown拒絕turnaround轉(zhuǎn)身；逆轉(zhuǎn)turnto轉(zhuǎn)向10.aswellas和

aswell也mayaswell不如不妨

11.shoutat朝…大喊(生氣，憤怒)shoutto朝…大喊（指遠(yuǎn)處）

12.makesomecruelremarks咒罵某人，說壞話13.eventhough即使

14.cannothelpdoingsth禁不住做某事

can’thelpbutdosth只好做某事can’thelptodosth不能幫助做某事15.accusesbofsth指控某人某事

inform..of…告知approve…of同意warn…of…警告

III.重點(diǎn)句式

1.Imusthavesoundedveryproudofmyselfafterthequiz,sayinghoweasyitwasandhowIwassuretogetagoodmark.（page2）

（1）“must+完成時(shí)”表示對過去事情語氣比較肯定的推測。對現(xiàn)在推測，用mustbe.Theymusthavebeenlaughingbehindmyback.(page2）他們在我背后一定是笑得合不攏嘴。

①“must+完成時(shí)”結(jié)構(gòu)的反義疑問句，疑問部分應(yīng)根據(jù)must后的動(dòng)詞形式采用相應(yīng)的形式，可用have(has)，也可用did。但若句中出現(xiàn)了過去時(shí)間狀語，則只能用did。Hemusthavereadit,hasn’t/didn’the?他一定讀過它，是嗎?Hemusthaveleftyesterday,didn’the?他昨天一定走了，是嗎?

②表示推測的否定結(jié)構(gòu)要用“cannot/can’t”,或者是can+其他具有否定意義的副詞。例如：

Youcan’tbetiredyou’veonlybeenworkingforanhour.你不可能疲倦，你只工作了一小時(shí)。（2）…..,sayinghoweasyitwasandhowIwassuretogetagoodmark是非謂語動(dòng)詞doing做原因狀語；howeasyitwasandhowIwassuretogetagoodmark是how引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句做say的賓語。

2.IthoughtthatHannahmusthavetoldeveryoneaboutmygradesafterpromisingmenotto.（page2）

1)musthavetold表示對過去推測；

2）afterpromisingmenotto=aftershepromisednottotellanyone.

a.after引導(dǎo)的狀語從句，當(dāng)從句的主語she與主句的主語Hannah一致時(shí)，從句的she可以省略，同時(shí)從句的謂語動(dòng)詞promised要變成非謂語形式promising;

b.promisingmenotto屬于todo不定式省略動(dòng)詞do的情況，在某些動(dòng)詞后，如：promise,like,hope,want等，為避免與上一句todo中的動(dòng)詞重復(fù)，可省略to后的動(dòng)詞。

3.IcannothelpwonderingifhewantsPetertobehisbestfriendinsteadofme.（page3）

1）ifhewantsPetertobehisbestfriendinsteadofme為wonder的賓語從句

2）wondervt.(對)...感到奇怪;想知道，不知道

①Iwonderif/whetheryou…可用來客氣地提出請求；wonder后可接其他連接詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。例如：

Iwonderifyou’dgivemesomeadvice.

Iwonderwhoheis,wherehecamefromandwhyhecame.②wonder后可接“疑問詞＋動(dòng)詞不定式”作賓語：例如：Theywaitedandwonderedwhattodo.

③thereisnowonderthat從句：難怪…….

Thereisnowonderthatyouwerelateforschool,foryourbikebrokedown.4.Heaccusemeofsomebadthingsjusttohurtme.(page3）1)accusesbofsth=chargesbwithsth指控某人….

2）justtohurtme屬于非謂語todo形式，在句中做目的狀語，類似的詞組還有：onlyto(表示出乎意料的結(jié)果)，inorderto/soasto(表示目的)

5.Ifso,theproblemlieswithyou,nother.（page5）

(1)Ifso是個(gè)條件從句，so代替上文內(nèi)容。not也有同樣用法，構(gòu)成省略句式：ifnot。又如：

Shemaynotbefreetoday.她今天可能沒空。

Ifso,we’llhavetoputthemeetingoff.如果是這樣，這會(huì)就得延后了。

Getupearlytomorrow,ifnot(youdon’tgetupearly),youwillmissthefirstbus.明天你得早起，否則（你不早起），你會(huì)錯(cuò)過首班車。(2)liewith“是的責(zé)任；取決于”。例如：

Thesolutiontotheproblemlieswithyou.解決該問題的辦法落在你的肩上。

7.Ihavenodoubthewillsucceed.（page7）

doubt作名詞常用句型

①havenodoubt意為“毫無疑義；毫無疑問”，其中doubt是名詞。例如：Iforonehavenodoubtthathe’slying.

②Thereisnodoubtthat…“毫無疑問……”,that從句是同位語從句。例如：ThereisnodoubtthatMaryisqualifiedforthejob.③no/without/beyonddoubt“無疑地；必定”Thetruthofthereportisbeyondalldoubt.

Hewaswithoutdoubttheveryworstkindofreporter.Thosewholeftwereattracted,nodoubt,byhigherpay.

Task&Project

I.

重點(diǎn)單詞

1.acquaintance.n泛泛之交makeacquaintancewithsb結(jié)識某人2.anchor.n.錨；vt.扎根于beanchoredin=bebasedon根植于3.attitude.n.看法，態(tài)度havepositiveattitudetowardssth/sb4.cautious.adj小心謹(jǐn)慎的becautiousabout=becarefulaboutcaution.N小心5.eager.adj急切的

beeagertodo=bedyingfor=longfor=lookforwardtoeagerness.N

6.respond.vi回應(yīng)，回復(fù)respondto回復(fù)replyto回應(yīng)reactto回應(yīng)response.n回復(fù)

inresponsetosth對…做出回復(fù)7.mercy.n仁慈

atthemercyof在…的支配下8.committed.adj盡心盡力的

becommittedtodoingsth=bedevotedtodoing=beabsorbedindoing=concentrateondoing=bebentondoing=beoccupiedindoing投入做某事commit.Vt致力于

committodoingsth致力于做某事committosth致力于某事commitsuicide自殺commitcrime犯罪

9.regardless.Adv不管，不顧regardlessof=indespiteof=despite+名詞或名詞性從句，意為“盡管”regard.Vt看做

regard…as=thinkof…as=lookon…as=consider…asII.

重點(diǎn)詞組

1.getthrough接通電話；渡過geton/alongwith與…相處getover克服getacross使…明白2.beanchoredin根植于3.bebasedon以…為基礎(chǔ)sbbase…on…某人把…基于…之上onthebasisof在…的基礎(chǔ)上4.regardlessof不管不顧5.endup結(jié)果

endup+形容詞/done/doing/介詞短語，表結(jié)果是……endin結(jié)果是intheend最后6.relyon依賴dependon依賴依靠7.thanksto幸虧butfor=thanksto+名詞

表示與事實(shí)相反時(shí)，主句用虛擬語態(tài)，例如：Thankstoyourhelp,wewouldnothavefinishedthetask.8.getalongwith與…相處getalongwithsb與某人相處getalongwithsth某事進(jìn)展

9.havedifferentattitudestowards對…有不同的看法10.becautiousabout對…小心謹(jǐn)慎11.beeagerto急切盼望….12.onthewaytosp在去…的路上onthewaytodoing即將….inthisway如此一來intheway擋道，礙事

13.haveaquarrelwith與某人爭吵quarrelwithsb與某人爭吵14.makeanapology道歉apologizetosb道歉15.inconclusion總結(jié)inaword總之inshort簡言之inall總共inbrief簡言之16.lookbackon回顧lookthrough看穿；瀏覽lookdownupon小看，瞧不起lookupto敬仰lookinto調(diào)查III.

重點(diǎn)句式

1.Theyarestillsittingonthesofa,continuingthesameconversationonthesametopic.continuingthesameconversationonthesametopic,在句中作伴隨狀語，主句主語they與continue是主謂關(guān)系，故用doing非謂語形式。2.Whenasked,theyusuallyhesitatebeforeresponding.

此句完整形式為Whentheywereasked,theyusuallyhesitatebeforetheyrespond.屬于狀語從句的省略，當(dāng)狀從的主語與主句的主語一致時(shí)，從句的主語可省略，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉侵^語動(dòng)詞形式。

3.Wehavetorealize:boysshareactivities,whilegirlssharefeelings.1）while意為“然而”，并列連詞表對比轉(zhuǎn)折。

2）while還可意為“盡管”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句=though,例如：whiletheweatheristerrible,theystillarrivedhereontime

4.Thequalitiesthatboysandgirlsconsiderimportantinafriendseemtobethesame,

regardlessofthebasisofthesefriendship.

1）thatboysandgirlsconsiderimportantinafriend是定語從句，先行詞是qualities;2）seemtodo表示“似乎，好像”，屬于todo非謂語形式，其形式還有：seemtobe

doing(表進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài))/seemtohavedone(表示過去已完成)3）regardlessof表示盡管，做讓步狀語。

5.Iendupreturningtothetrainstationandspendingtherestofthedayinthewaiting

room.endup+形容詞/done/doing/介詞短語，表結(jié)果是……,例如：1）Heendsupsuccessfulafteryearsofefforts.

2）Heendsupinprisonbecausehewaschargedwithrobbery.3）Heendsupfinishingthetaskaheadoftime.4）Hiseffortsenduppaidoff.

6.Friendshipmeansbeingcommittedtoothers.1)mean.vt.意謂,想要,預(yù)定vi.用意,有意義meantodosth.打算做某事meandoingsth.意味著做某事Imeanttogiveyouthisbooktoday,butIforgot.Hemeansthishouseforhisdaughter.習(xí)慣用語：

bemeanttodo照道理，照規(guī)矩；應(yīng)該，必須；得要；Hewasmeantfor/tobeadoctor.meansb.for準(zhǔn)備讓某人干某工作

meanmuchtosb.對某人很重要;對某人很可貴meanagreatdeal

mean.adj.低劣的,卑鄙的,普通的,吝嗇的,簡陋的,不舒服的Peter"sfatherwasverymean;henevergavePeteranynewclothes.2)becommittedtosb表示對某人很投入，真誠7.Thebestwaytohaveafriendistobeafriend.

tohaveafriend系todo非謂語形式做后置定語；tobeafriend是todo非謂語形式做表語。Grammar:todo/doing

語法知識:非謂語動(dòng)詞一、動(dòng)詞不定式TheInfinitiveFormofVerbs

動(dòng)詞不定式是非謂語動(dòng)詞形式之一，它不能充當(dāng)謂語，但具有謂語動(dòng)詞的主要特征，即時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化；可以有自己的賓語和狀語，構(gòu)成不定式短語。1.不定式的形式肯定式否定式進(jìn)行體完成體被動(dòng)式完成被動(dòng)式todosth.nottodosth.tobedoingsth.tohavedonesth.tobedonetohavebeendoneHe’dliketoplaybasketballthisafternoon.Noonelikestobelookeddownupon.Hepretendedtobereadingwhentheteachercamein.Heseemedtohaveknowntheresult.Hecertainlydeservestobesenttoprison.Heseemstohavebeenelectedamodelworker.2．不定式的用法

不定式可以用來做主語、表語、定語、狀語、賓語、獨(dú)立成分，表示比較具體的意義。（1）做主語

①動(dòng)詞不定式短語

Tomasteraforeignlanguageisnoeasyjob.Toseethisfilmistowastetime.Tosolvethisproblemisoutofthequestion

②為平衡整個(gè)句子，避免頭重腳輕，常用it做形式主語，而將真正主語不定式放后面，用于這種形式是一些特定的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：

1）謂語部分是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表語是某些形容詞或名詞。例如：Itisfoolishtoactinthisway.Itsoundsreasonabletodoitthisway.Itappearslikelyforthemtoarrive.Itisagoodideatothinkthisway.

2）某些動(dòng)詞做謂語時(shí)。例如：Ittookmuchtimetodothis.Itmakesusexcitedtothinkaboutthat.Itneedshardworktofinishthejob.Itdoesnogoodtosaylikethat.

(2)做表語

表示打算、計(jì)劃、命令和要求，有時(shí)可見用appear,seem,happen等做系動(dòng)詞，常做主語的名詞有：wish,aim,duty,hope,idea,mistakes,plan,purpose,suggestion.等抽象名詞，也可以是what引導(dǎo)的主語從句。例如：

Suchquestionsaretobeavoided.Whathesaidprovedtobetrue.Heseemstobeill.

(3)做定語

做定語時(shí)不定式一般緊跟其所修飾名詞或代詞后面。例如：Hekeptonsayingreallymeanthingtohurtme.Hewasthefirstonetocomethismorning.Hedidn’thavethechancetogotoschoolinthepast.

如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，應(yīng)注意其相應(yīng)介詞的搭配。例如：Hehasnothingtoworryabout.

Sheisaverynicepersontoworkwith.

Therewasonlyasmallcoldroomtoliveinatthattime.

(4)作狀語

不定式作狀語可以表示目的、原因和結(jié)果。

①表目的常用inorderto,soasto,so+形容詞/副詞+asto，such+名詞+asto等結(jié)構(gòu)但soasto只能放在主句之后。

Checkyourhomeworksoastoavoidmistakes.

Shegoeshome(inorder)toseehergrandmothereveryweek.

②表結(jié)果常用onlytodo,enoughtodo,too…todo等句型，不定式短語作結(jié)果狀語具有“意料之外”之意。

Heistooexcitedtospeakanything.

Ihurriedtohishouse,onlytofindhimout.③原因

Sheseemedsurprisedtoseeus.

Heissorryforwhathedidtothinkofhispast.

④不定式作條件狀語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞通常含有will,shall,should,would,can,must等。

Youwilldobettertogethersupport.

Youmustgetupearlynottomissthetrain.⑤不定式作方式狀語時(shí)，通常采用asif或asthough+to的結(jié)構(gòu)，其意為“好像要……”。

Heraisedhishandasiftohitme.

Shetookoutapenandapieceofpaperasthoughtowritesomething.

(5)做賓語

①某些及物動(dòng)詞要用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語,以下及物動(dòng)詞常用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語：agree,ask,attempt,begin,care,choose,continue,decide,desire,determine,expect,forget,hate,hope,,intend,learn,like,love,manage,mean,offer,prefer,pretend,,promise,refuse,start,try,want,undertake,wish等。例如：IwanttotellyouaboutZhaoJie.(page7)

Weagreedtomeetherebutsofarshehasn’tturnedupyet.Marybeggedtogowithus.

②動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語時(shí)，如其后有補(bǔ)足語，則可以用先行語it作形式賓語，而將真正賓語動(dòng)詞不定式后移，用于該形式的常見動(dòng)詞有：believe,consider,declare,feel,guess,imagine,judge,know,make,prove,realize,report,see,show,suppose,think,understand,find等。例如：

Ifeltituselessforustosayanythingfurther.

Imadeitaruletogetupearly,takeacoldbath,andthendosomerunning.Iconsideritbetternottogo.

(6)做賓語補(bǔ)足語

①帶to的不定式做賓補(bǔ)

有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的及物動(dòng)詞或短語可以接帶to的不定式做賓補(bǔ)。例如：Ishalltrytopersuadehertoseethedoctor.Thevillagersdidn’tallowthemtodothis.Iwillaskthemtoleavethecompany.Ishallpersuadehimtotakethemedicine.Hecalledonhisfriendstohelphim.②不帶to的不定式做賓補(bǔ)

也有一些及物動(dòng)詞后接不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，常見的有使役動(dòng)詞類：make,let,have；感官動(dòng)詞類：see,watch,lookat,notice,observe,hear,listento,smell,feel等。但在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中要帶to(let除外)。例如：Someonesawhimentermyroom.Hewasseentoentermyroom.Theboymadethebabylaughbymakingafaceathim.Thebabywasmadetolaughbymakingafaceathim.

(7)“疑問詞+不定式”相當(dāng)于這些疑問代詞和副詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。常見引導(dǎo)該形式的動(dòng)詞有：decide,findout,forget,inquire,know,learn,remember,see,settle,think,understand,wonder等，在句子中可以做主語、賓語或表語。例如：

Whattodonexthasnotbeendecided.=Whatwilldonexthasnotbeendecided.Whatworriesmemostishowtodoit.=Whatworriesmemostishowwewilldoit.Idon’tknowwhentoleave.=Idon’tknowwhenwewillleave.

Itisnotyetdecidedwhethertodiscussthis.=Itisnotyetdecidedwhetherwewilldiscussthis.

(8)不定式的省略

動(dòng)詞不定式中再次出現(xiàn)與前面相同的動(dòng)詞只留下不定式符號to,省略其他以避免重復(fù)。例如：

IthoughtthatHannahmusthavedeliberatelytoldeveryoneaboutmymarkafterpromisingnotto(telleveryoneaboutmymark).

Wewon’ttellanyoneaboutyourcallunlessyouwantusto(tellanyoneaboutyourcall).Willyoujoinus?

Ishouldloveto(joinyou).

Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreetbuthismothertoldhimnotto(ridehisbicycleinthestreet).(9)不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義

①不定式作定語時(shí)，若其邏輯主語是句子主語或賓語時(shí)，則可以用主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)�！璽heimportantthingtorememberisthatbothofthemarefriendships.(page18)②但有時(shí)既可用主動(dòng)形式也可用被動(dòng)形式，意思不太一樣。比較：Haveyouanythingtosend?(tosend的執(zhí)行者是“你”。)

Haveyouanythingtobesent?(tobesent的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是“他人”。)

③形容詞easy，difficult，hard，cheap，expensive，fit，nice，dangerous，comfortable，exciting,funny,heavy,important,good,interesting等后面接不定式作狀語時(shí)，常用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義,可用it做形式主語的句型替換。

Thisbookiseasytoread.=Itiseasytoreadthebook.（這本書很容易讀。）

Wefoundthemandifficulttodealwith.=Itisdifficultforustodealwiththeman.（我發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)人很難對付。）

④在too…to…中,不定式的主動(dòng)式可以表示被動(dòng)意義。Theplaneistoofarawaytosee.

(10)動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

①不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)“forsb.todosth.”可充當(dāng)多種句子成分。一般情況下，不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者就是句子的主語。有時(shí)不定式的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者不是句子的主語，此時(shí)不定式forsb.來充當(dāng)不定式todosth.的邏輯主語。例如：Idon’tthinkitadvisableforhimtolearnmedicine.(賓語)Thisisforyoutodecide.(表語)

Shewavedtheredflagforthecartostop.(狀語)

Thearticleistoodifficultforachildoftentounderstand.(狀語)Theorderforthemtoclimbthemountainwasgiven.(定語)Forachildtolearneverythingisimpossible.(主語)

②不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)做主語時(shí)，常見用兩種特定句型:“Itis+adj.for/ofsb.todosth.”和“Itis+n.ofsb.todosth”。

1)在“Itis…for/ofsb.todosth.”句型中，forsb.和ofsb.有區(qū)別。forsb.前應(yīng)是表事物性質(zhì)的形容詞如easy,important,necessary,possible等，sb和這些形容詞邏輯主謂關(guān)系不能成立。而ofsb.前應(yīng)是表性格特征的形容詞如good,kind,nice,brave,clever,careless,foolish,silly,stupid等，其邏輯主謂關(guān)系能夠成立。例：Itiseasyforustounderstandthesentence.

Weareeasy邏輯主謂關(guān)系不能成立故用介詞for。Itiscleverofyoutodothat.

Youareclever邏輯主謂關(guān)系能夠成立故用介詞of。Itisright/wrongfor/ofyoutodothat.

形容詞right,wrong后接forsb和ofsb都對。

2)“Itis+n.ofsb.todosth”句型中常見名詞多是抽象名詞如

pleasure,pity,mistake,honor等，不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)其實(shí)對抽象名詞做了細(xì)節(jié)說明。例如：

Itisagreatmistakeforthemtoagreewithyou.

Itisamatterofhonorforustokeepourstandardsashighaspossible.Itisagreatpleasureformetolivewithyou.(11)不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

①動(dòng)詞不定式有不同的時(shí)態(tài)。說明行為在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的行為之后，多數(shù)一是那些表愿望的詞：want;hope;expect等。般說明行為與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的行為同時(shí)發(fā)生，多式數(shù)是些省略不定式符號的詞，一般是復(fù)合賓語。完說明行為動(dòng)詞在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的行為動(dòng)詞之前成發(fā)生。式進(jìn)不定式的進(jìn)行式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞所表行示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。它強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)式行或持續(xù)進(jìn)行。

二、動(dòng)名詞

動(dòng)名詞是一種非謂語形式，起名詞的作用，但帶有動(dòng)詞的特征，可以有自己的賓語和狀語，構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語。1.動(dòng)名詞的形式：肯定式否定式完成體被動(dòng)式完成被動(dòng)式doingsth.notdoingsth.havingdonesth.beingdonehavingbeendoneItwillbenicegettingscholarshipstotheuniversity.Iamsorryfornothavingkeptmypromise.Irememberhavingaskedhertowaitus.Idon’tlikebeingleftathomeintheevening.Thehouseshowednosignofhavingbeendamaged.

2.動(dòng)名詞的用法

動(dòng)名詞句法作用表

句子成分主語直接賓語賓短語動(dòng)詞賓語語介詞賓語表語定語例句Swimmingisabestsportinsummer.Thereisnotellingwhatwillhappen.Weenjoyedseeingthefilm.Iamthinkingoftakingoverthejob.Afterhavingfinishedhiswork,hewenthome.Whatlikebestisswimminginthesea.Helookedmewithquestioningeyes.Iwanttogohome.Ihopetoseeyou.Isawhimcomein.Hehelpedhim(to)carrythings.I"msorrytohavetroubledyou.Heissaidtohavecomehere.Heseemedtohaveknownit.Theyseemedtobegettingalongquitewell.=Itseemedthattheyweregettingalongquitewell.(1)做主語

①動(dòng)名詞做主語表示比較抽象、習(xí)慣性和經(jīng)常性的意義，在傳統(tǒng)語法上和不定式做主語表具體意義有區(qū)別,隨著語言不斷進(jìn)步,這種區(qū)別正在逐漸消失。例如：Movingtoanewtownorareacanbeatryingtime.(page12)Sayingiseasierthandoing.Collectingstampsisagoodhobby.②為平衡整個(gè)句子，避免頭重腳輕，常用it做形式主語，而將真正主語不定式放后面，用于這種形式是一些特定的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：

1)謂語部分是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表語是某些形容詞。例如：

It’sinterestingplanningaholiday.It’srathertiringwalkingaroundinacity.2)當(dāng)use，good，waste，bore，fun，shame，encouragement，等名詞作表語時(shí)，通常用it作形式主語，把作為真正主語的動(dòng)名詞后置。例如：It’snousetalkingtohimagain.=Thereisnousetalkingtohimagain.It’snogoodrefusingtodoit.=Thereisnogoodrefusingtodoit.Itisawasteoftimetryingtoreasonwithhim.It’sfunhavingguestsfortheweekend.

It’ssuchanencouragementbeingabletopassalltheexams.

③在“Therebeno+主語”這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，通常用動(dòng)名詞做主語，而不用不定式。這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示“不可能、無法”，相當(dāng)于“Itisimpossibletodosth”。例如：Thereisnogettingalongwithhim.=Itisimpossibletogetalongwithhim.

(2)作賓語

某些動(dòng)詞或短語動(dòng)詞后面可以接動(dòng)名詞,見下表：特定動(dòng)詞+doingavoid,admit,advise,allow,permit,bear,stand,delayconsider,complete,finish,risk,dislike,escape,mind,excuse,miss,imagine,enjoy,excuse,practise,suggest等短語動(dòng)詞+doingbeworth,can’thelp,can’tstand,feellike,insiston,succeedin,giveup,spend/wastetime/money(in),have/finddifficulty/trouble/time(in)等慣用語或短語動(dòng)詞中含介詞to+doingpay/draw/get/attract(one’s)attentionto,leadto,contributeto,devoteoneselfto,lookforwardto,appealto,be/getusedto,berelatedto,beavailableto,besimilarto等①表示動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如：

Whatdoyouthinktheproverbstellusaboutfriendshipandgettingalongwithothers?(page1)

Ifyoucanbuyaperson’sfriendship,it’snotworthhaving.(page1)IwassoupsetthatIfeltlikecrying.(page2)

Itseemsyouneedtoapologizequicklytoavoidlosingagoodfriend.(page5)

②有些動(dòng)詞如remember,forget,regret等或明確表示時(shí)間先后的介詞on;upon，after等，用動(dòng)名詞的一般式代替動(dòng)名詞完成式，表示動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。例如：

Irememberseeinghimbefore.Iregretsellingthehouse.

OnarrivingBeijing,hewenttoseehisfriend.

Afterstandinginthequeueforhours,wegotgoodseats.③有些后面可跟動(dòng)名詞也可以跟不定式，意義區(qū)別不大。常見的動(dòng)詞有：start,like,hate,love,continue,prefer,attempt,intend,propose等。

Thenwebothstartedshouting(toshout)ateachotheranditturnedintoahorribleargument.(page3)

Hebeganlearning(tolearn)Englishattheageoffive.

④有些動(dòng)詞后面可跟動(dòng)名詞也可以跟不定式，意義區(qū)別大。見下表：

trytodosth.（努力去做）trydoingsth.（試著、嘗試做）remembertodosth（記得要做）rememberdoingsth.（記得做過）forgettodosth.（忘記要做某事）forgetdoingsth.(忘記做過某事）meantodosth.（打算做某事）meandoingsth.（意味著）can’thelptodosth.（不能幫助做某事）can’thelpdoingsth.（禁不住做某事）stoptodosth.（停下來去做另一件事）stopdoingsth.（停止做某事）goontodosth.（接下來做另一件事）goondoingsth.（繼續(xù)做同一件事）regrettodosth（遺憾要做某事）regretdoingsth（后悔做過某事）(3)作表語

相當(dāng)于名詞，說明主語動(dòng)作的情況和狀態(tài)。例如：

MyjobisteachingEnglish.

Herjobiswashing,cleaningandtakingcareofthechildren.Ourdutyisservingthepeople.=Ourdutyistoservethepeople.(4)作定語

說明所修飾詞的性質(zhì)，具有名詞的性質(zhì)，它同所修飾的名詞間不存在主謂關(guān)系。alivingroom=aroomforlivingasleepingcar=acarforsleepingaswimmingpool=apoolforswimmingawalingstick=astickforwalking

(5)動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

動(dòng)名詞之前的名詞，如果是有生命的，通常用所屬格表示，如果是無生命的，則用通格表示，現(xiàn)在有一種趨勢用名詞和代詞代替所有格。Hiscomingwon’thelpmuch.Idon’tmindyour(you)smoking.Theyinsistedonourstayingthere.Wearehappyabouthiscomingtoseeus.DoyourememberMarycomingtoseeyou?Heinsistedonbeingsenttothehardarea.

(6)動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義

①beworth后接動(dòng)名詞時(shí)。

Thisbookiswellworthreading.=Thebookisworthtoberead.②need，want，require，bear，stand等動(dòng)詞后面可用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)意義，但用不定式時(shí)則只能用被動(dòng)形式。

Theoldmanneedslookingafter/tobelookedafter.③在介詞past,beyond之后,動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。Theoldwatchispastrepairing.

ThebeautyoftheWestLakeisreallybeyonddescribing.

(7)動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

動(dòng)名詞也有其完成時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)，常見動(dòng)名詞做賓語時(shí)，說明動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作先發(fā)生和邏輯被動(dòng)主謂關(guān)系。例如：

Idon’trememberhavingbeengivenachancetohaveatry.DoyoumindJam’sbeingleftaloneathome?

HehasinsistedonhisbeingcalledDr.TurnerinsteadofMr.Turner.

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