英語專業(yè)英語語言學期末復習總結(jié)

英語語言學

一、名詞解釋

第一課

1.Synchronic共時性:Saidofanapproachthatstudieslanguageatatheoretical“point”intime.\\Akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent),asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.

2.Langue語言:Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.3.Language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolusedforhumancommunication.

4.Arbitrariness任意性:Onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.第二課

1.Phoneme音位:Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.

2.Allophone音位變體:Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

3.Minimalpair最小對立體:Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.第三課

1.Morphology形態(tài)學:Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

2.Derivationalmorphemes派生詞素:Somemorphemeswhichchangethecategoryorgrammaticalclassofwordsarecalled…

3.Inflectionalmorphemes曲折詞素:Someboundmorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkersandsignifysuchconceptsastense,number,caseandsoon.第四課

1.Syntax語法句法:Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.

2.Syntacticcategories句法范疇:Wordscanbegroupedtogetherintoarelativelysmallnumberofclasses,calledsyntacticcategories.

3.Deepstructure深層結(jié)構(gòu):FormedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead’ssubcategorizationproperties,iscalleddeepstructureorD-structure.

4.Surfacestructure表層結(jié)構(gòu):Correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations,iscalledSurfacestructureorS-structure.第五課

1.Reference指稱:Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.

2.Homonymy同音異義:Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.

3.Hyponymy上下義關系:Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.第六課

1.Pragmatics語用學:Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.

2.Utterance話語:asentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication.

3.Utterancemeaning話語意義:Utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itisrealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.4.Illocutionaryact言外行為:Anillocutionaryactistheactexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.

二、簡答題

第一課

1．Whatarethemajorbranchesoflinguistics?Whatdoeseachofthemstudy?

Phonetics:Thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.Itdescribesindividualspeechsoundsandindicatestheirphysicalorphoneticproperties.

Phonology:Itstudiesthewaysinwhichthesesoundsformpatternsandsystemsandhowtheyworktoconveymeaninginthesystemoflanguage.

Morphology:AfieldoflinguisticsfocusedonthestudyoftheformsandformationofwordsinalanguageSyntax:Asetofrulesthatgovernhowwordsarecombinedtoformphrasesandsentences.Pragmatics:thestudyoftheuseoflanguageinasocialcontext.2．Whatcharacteristicsoflanguagedoyouthinkshouldbeincludedinagood,comprehensivedefinitionoflanguage?

Theimportantcharacteristicswhichshouldbeincludedinagooddefinitionoflanguageareseparately:systematic,arbitraryandvocal.

Firstofall,languageisasystem.Ithasitsownsetofrulesforpeopletoabideby,orpeoplewillusethelanguageinawrongway.Second,languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor.Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.Third,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound.

3．WhatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguagethathavebeenspecifiedbyC.Hocketttoshowthatitisessentiallydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystem?

1)Arbitrariness:nonatural/motivated/logicalrelationshipbetweenthesignandwhatthesignstandsfor.2)Productivity:providesopportunitiesforsendingmessagesthathaveneverbeensentbeforeandforunderstandingnovelmessages.

3)Duality:languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstuctures,ortwolevels.4)Displacement:canbeusedtorefertothingsrealorimagined,past,presentorfuture5)Culturaltransmission

第二課

1.Howdophoneticsandphonologydifferintheirfocusofstudy?Whodoyouthinkwillbemore

interestedinthedifferentbetweensay[i]and[i],[p]and[ph],aphoneticianoraphilologist?Why?語音學和音位學的研究中心有何不同?語音學家和音位學家哪一個更關心清晰音的區(qū)別?為什么?

Phoneticsdescriptionofallspeechsoundsandtheirfinddifferences.

Phonologydescriptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning.

Aphoneticianwouldbemoreinterestedinsuchdifferencescossuchdifferenceswillnotcosdifferencesinmeaning.

2.Whatisphone?Howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?

Phoneisaphoneticunit,ithasnomeaning.

Phonemeisaphonologicalunitwithdistinctivevalue.

Thephoneme/l/canberealizedasdark/l-/andclear/l/,whichareallophonesofthephoneme/l/Allophones---actualrealizationofaphonemeindifferentphoneticcontexts.

第三課

1.Thinkofthreemorphemesuffixes,givetheirmeaningandspecifythetypesofstemtheymaybesuffixedto.Giveatleasttwoexamplesofeach.

Suffix:-ingMeaning:denotingaverbalaction,aninstanceofthis,oritsresultStemtype:addedtoverbsExamples:fighting:denotetheactionofbattlebuilding:denotetheactionofconstructionSuffix:-ableMeaning:abletobeStemtype:addedtoverbsExamples:avoidable:abletobepreventedfromcalculable:abletobemeasuredorassessedSuffix:-ist

Meaning:denotingamemberofaprofessionorbusinessactivityStemtype:addedtonouns

Examples:dramatist:apersonwhowritesplays

dentist:apersonwhotreatstheteethdisease

2.Thinkofthreemorphemeprefixes,givetheirmeaning,andspecifythetypesofstemtheymaybeprefixedto.Giveatleasttwoexamplesofeach.

1)prefix:un-

meaning:denotingtheabsenceofaqualityorstate;notstemtype:addedtonouns

examples:unacademic:notadoptingorcharacteristicofascholarlyapproachorlanguageunhappy:nothappy2)prefix:anti-

meaning:opposedto;againststemtype:addedtonouns

examples:anti-abortion:opposingorlegislatingagainstmedicallyinducedabortionanti-art:againstthetraditionalart3)prefix:re-

meaning:oncemore;afresh;anewstemtype:addedtoverbs

examples:restart:startoncemore

reaccustom:accustom(someone)tosomethingagain

第五課

1.WhatarethemajortypesofsynonymsinEnglish?并舉例

1)dialectalsynonyms-----synonymsusedindifferentregional2)Stylisticsynonyms:synonymsdifferinginstyle

3)Synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning4)Collocationalsynonyms:whatwordstheygotogetherwith

5)Semanticallydifferentsynonyms:differfromthewordsthemselves

2.Explainwithexamples“homonymy”,“polysemy”,and“hyponymy”.

Homonymy:Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,theyarehomophones.Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,theyarehomographs.Whentowwordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,theyarecompletehomonyms.Theexamplesareasfollowed:

Homophones:rain/reignnight/knightpiece/peaceHomographs:bowv./bown.tearv./tearn.Completehomonyms:fastadj./fastv.

Polysemy:whiledifferentwordsmayhavethesameorsimilarmeaning,thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.Thisiswhatwecallpolysemy,andsuchawordiscalledapolysemicword.Themorecommonlyusedawordis,themorelikelyithasacquiredmorethanonemeaning.Forexample,thewordtablehasatleastsixmeaningswhenwelookitupinthedictionary:

1.apieceoffurniture

2.allthepeopleseatedatatable3.thefoodthatisputonatable

4.athinflatpieceofstone,mental,wood,etc5.orderlyarrangementoffacts,figures,etc

6.partofamachine-toolonwhichtheworkisputtobeoperatedon

Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthesuperordinate,andthemorespecificwordsarecalleditshyponyms.Hyponymsofthesamesuperordinateareco-hyponymstoeachother.Forexample,

Superordiante:flower

Hyponyms:rose,tulip,carnation,lily,morninggolory

第六課

1.Whatdoespragmaticsstudy?Howdoesitdifferfromtraditionalsemantics?

答：Generallyspeaking,pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaninginthecontext.Itstudiesmeaninginadynamicwayandasaprocess.Inordertohaveasuccessfulcommunication,thespeakerandhearermusttakethecontextintotheirconsiderationsoastoeffecttherightmeaningandintention.Thedevelopmentandestablishmentpragmaticsin1960sand1970sresultedmainlyfromtheexpansionofthestudysemantics.However,itisdifferentfromthetraditionalsemantics.Themajordifferencebetweenthemliesinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaninginadynamicway,whilesemanticsstudiesmeaninginastaticway.Pragmaticstakescontextintoconsiderationwhilesemanticsdoesnot.Pragmaticstakescareoftheaspectofmeaningthatisnotaccountedforbysemantics.2.WhatarethefivetypesofillocutionaryspeechactsSearlehasspecified?Whatistheillocutionarypointofeachtype?

答：(1)representatives:statingordescribing,sayingwhatthespeakerbelievestobetrue

(2)directives:tryingtogetthehearertodosomething

(3)commissives:committingthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction(4)expressives:expressingfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexisting

(5)declarations:bringingaboutimmediatechangesbysayingsomething

Theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativesistocommitthespeakertosomething"sbeingthecase,tothetruthofwhathasbeensaid,inotherwords,whenperforminganillocutionaryactofrepresentative,thespeakerismakingastatementorgivingadescriptionwhichhehimselfbelievestobetrue.Stating,believing,sweating,hypothesizingareamongthemosttypicaloftherepresentatives.

Directivesateattemptsbythespeakertogetthehearertodosome-thing.Inviting,suggesting,requesting,advising,wanting,threateningandorderingareallspecificinstancesofthisclass.

Commissivesarethoseillocutionaryactswhosepointistocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofaction,i.e.whenspeakingthespeakerputshimselfunderacertainobligation.Promising,undertaking,vowingarethemosttypicalones.

Theillocutionarypointofexpressivesistoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.Thespeakerisexpressinghisfeelingsorattitudestowardsanexistingstateofaffairs,e.g.apologizing,thanking,congratulating.

Thelastclass“declarations”hasthecharacteristicthatthesuccessfulperformanceofanactofthistypebringsaboutthecorrespondencebetweenwhatissaidandreality.3.WhatarethefourmaximsoftheCP?Trytogiveyourownexamplestoshowhowfloutingthesemaximsgivesrisetoconversationalimplicature?

答：CooperativePrinciple,abbreviatedasCP.Itgoesasfollows:

Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.

Tobemorespecific,therearefourmaximsunderthisgeneralprinciple:(1)Themaximofquantity

①Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange).②Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.(2)Themaximofquality

①Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.

②Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.(3)ThemaximofrelationBerelevant.

(4)Themaximofmanner

①Avoidobscurityofexpression.②Avoidambiguity.

③Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity).

④Beorderly.

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